History of the Aztec Empire :: Pre-Columbian History Culture

History of the Aztec Empire The center of the Aztec civilization was the Valley of Mexico, a huge, oval basin about 7,500 feet above sea level. The Aztecs were formed after the Toltec civilization occurred when hundreds of civilians came towards Lake Texcoco. In the swamplands there was only one piece of land to farm on and it was totally surrounded by more marshes. The Aztec families somehow converted these disadvantages to a mighty empire known as the Aztec Empire. People say the empire was partially formed by a deeply believed legend. As the legend went, it said that Aztec people would create an empire in a swampy place where they would see an eagle eating a snake, while perched on a cactus, which was growing out of a rock in the swamplands. This is what priests claimed they saw when entering the new land. By the year 1325 their capital city was finished. They called it Tenochtitlan. In the capital city, aqueducts were constructed, bridges were built, and chinapas were made. Chinapas were little islands formed by pilled up mud. On these chinapas Aztecs grew their food. The Aztec Empire included many cities and towns, especially in the Valley of Mexico. The early settlers built log rafts, then covered them with mud and planted seeds to create roots and develop more solid land for building homes in this marshy land. Canals were also cut out through the marsh so that a typical Aztec home had its back to a canal with a canoe tied at the door. In the early 1400s, Tenochtitlan joined with Texcoco and Tlacopan, two other major cities in the Valley of Mexico. Tenochtitlan became the most powerful member of the alliance. Montezuma I ruled from 1440 to 1469 and conquered large areas to the east and to the south. Montezuma's successors expanded the empire until it extended between what is now Guatemala and the Mexican State of San Luis Potosi. Montezuma II became emperor in 1502 when the Aztec Empire was at the height of its power. In 1519, the Spanish explorer Hernando Cortes landed on the East Coast of Mexico and marched inland to Tenochtitlan. The Spaniards were joined by many of the Indians who were conquered and forced to pay high taxes to the emperor. Montezuma did not oppose Cortes because he thought that he was the God Quetzalcoatl. An Aztec legend said that Quetzalcoatl was driven away by another rival god and had sailed across the sea and would return some day. His return was predicted to come in the year Ce Acatl on the Aztec Calendar.

Traditional and Alternative Health Care Practice

Traditional and Alternative Health Care Practice The tropical climate of the Philippines has made it possible for thousands of plants and vegetation to thrive more in lush forests. Many herbal plants have been tapped because of its efficacy against common ailments and the practice of the use of herbal plants as medicines have stretched as far as during pre-Spanish era, and are still being practiced until these modern times. The Department of Health (DOH) advocated the use of herbal plants as what is considered as form of primary health care and as an answer to the increasing cost of synthetic drugs in the market.These 10 DOH-approved herbal plants are found within the country and have been proven to treat common ailments, according to the thorough research done by National Science Development Board, and other government and private agencies and persons. Its importance in providing better health care was not overlooked. In 1992, The DOH, through former Health Secretary and Senator Jua n M. Flavier made a health program by virtue of Administrative Order No. 12. This program was known as the Traditional Medicine Program, with its main function of promoting and advocating the use of traditional medicine across the country.In 1994, the drafting of a traditional medicine law was initiated in order to institutionalize the program. Then by 1997, President Fidel V. Ramos saw the promising potential of traditional medicines both in the health of Filipinos and the economy and timely approved the Republic Act 8423, also known as the Traditional and Alternative Medicine Act (TAMA) of 1997. This law then, gave rise to the government owned and controlled corporation known as the Philippine Institute of Traditional and Alternative Health Care (PITAHC).It is attached to the DOH in delivering safe, effective and affordable proper traditional and alternative (TAHC) health care products and services to the people. The 10 DOH-approved herbal plants are listed below, along with their uses, preparations and names in different places/dialects within the country. 1. Lagundi (Vitex negundo) * Kamalan (Tag. ) * Limo-limo (Ilk. ) * Tugas (Ceb. ) * Dabtan (If. ) * Molave aso (Sul. ) * 5 leaveschaste tree (English) Lagundi is a shrub type of plant growing wild in vacant lots and waste land. Matured branches are planted. The flowers are blue and bell-shaped.The small fruits turn black when ripe. It is better to collect the leaves when are in bloom. Uses: * For asthma, cough and fever – boil raw fruits or leaves in 2 glasses of water for15 minutes until the water left in only 1 glass (decoction). Strain. Leaves should be chopped and the following dosages of the decoction are given according to age group: Dried leavesFresh leaves Adult4 tbsp. 6tbsp. 7-12 yrs. 2 tbsp. 3 tbsp. 2-6 yrs. 1 tbsp. 1 ? tbsp. * For dysentery, colds and pain in any part of the body as in influenza – boil a handful of leaves and flowers in water to produce a glass full of decoction an d drink it three times a day. For skin diseases (dermatitis, scabies ulcer, eczema) and wounds – prepare a decoction from handful of leaves. Wash and clean the skin/wound with the decoction. * For headache – crush leaves and may be applied on the forehead. * For rheumatism, sprain and contusions, insect bites – pound the leaves and apply on affected part. * For aromatic bath for sick patients – prepare leaf decoction for use in sick and newly delivered patients. 2. Yerba (Hierba) Buena (Mentha cordifelia) * Herba Buena (most dialects) * Hierba/Yerba Buena (Spanish) * Hilbas (Dav. , Ley. ) * Opiz Ablebana (If. ) * Malipuen (Als. ) Peppermint, mint (English) Yerba (Hierba) Buena is a small multi-branching aromatic herb. The leaves are small, elliptical and with toothed margin. The stem creeps to the ground and develops roots. It may be also propagated through cuttings. Uses: * For pain in different parts of the body as headache, stomach ache – boil c hopped leaves in 2 glasses of water for 15 minutes. Cool and strain. Dried leavesFresh leves Adult6 tbsp. 4 tbsp. 7-12 yrs.? tbsp. of adult dose Divide decoction into two parts and drink one part every three hours. * For rheumatism, arthiritis and headache – crush the fresh leaves and squeeze sap.Massage sap on painful parts with eucalyptus. * For cough and cold (serves as expectorant) – get about 10 fresh leaves and soak in a glass of hot water. Drink as tea. * For swollen gums – steep 6 g. of fresh plant in a glass of boiling water for 30 minutes. Use solution as gargle. * For toothache – cut fresh plant and squeeze sap. Soak a piece to cotton in the sap and insert this in aching tooth cavity. Mouth should be rinsed by gargling salt solution before inserting the cotton dipped with plant sap. To prepare salt solution: add 5 g. of table salt to one glass of water. For menstrual and gas pain – soak a handful of leaves in a glass of boiling water. Dr ink infusion. It induces menstrual flow and sweating. * For nausea and fainting – crush leaves and apply at nostrils of patients. * For insect bites – may be prepared in two ways: 1. Crush leaves and apply juice on affected part. 2. Pound leaves until paste-like. Rub this on affected part. * For pruritis – boil plant alone or with eucalyptus in water. Uses decoction as a wash on affected area. 3. Sambong (Blumea balsamifera) * Alibhon Alimon (Vis. ) * Kambihon, Lakdanbulan (Vis. ) * Ayohan, Bulaklak, Ga buen, Kaliban (Tag. * Gintin-gintin, Haliban/Camphor (English) Sambong is a plant that reaches 1 ? to 3 meters in height with rough hairy leaves. Young plants around mother plant may be separated when they have three or more leaves. Uses: * For anti-edema, diuretic, and anti-urolithiasis – boil chopped leaves in a glass of water for 15 minutes until one glassful remains. Cool and strain. Dried leavesFresh leaves Adult4 tbsp. 6 tbsp. 7-12 yrs.? tbsp. of adu lt does Divide decoction into 3 parts. Drink one part 3 times a day. Note: Sambong is not a medicine for kidney infection. 4. Tsaang Gubat (Carmona retusa) Alibungog (Vis. ) * Kalabonog, Maragued (Ilk. ) * Kalimunog, Taglokot, Talibunog, Tsa (Tag. ) * Malatadian (Gad. ) Tsaang- Gubat is a shrub with a small, shiny nice-looking leaves that grows in wild uncultivated areas and forests. Mature stems are used for planting. Uses: * For diarrhea – boil the following amount of chopped leaves in 2 glasses of water for 15 minutes or until amount of water goes down to 1 glass. Cool and strain. Dried leavesFresh leaves Adult10 tbsp. 12 tbsp. 7-12 yrs. 5 tbsp. 6 tbsp. 2-6 yrs. 2 ? tbsp. 3 tbsp. Divide decoction into 4 parts. Let patient drink 1 part every 3 hours. For stomach ache – wash leaves and chop. Boil chopped leaves in 1 glass of water for 15 minutes. Cool and filter/strain. Dried leavesFresh leaves Adult2 tbsp. 3 tbsp. 7-12 yrs. 1 tbsp. 1 ? tbsp. 5. Niyug-Niyogan (Quisqua lis indica L. ) * Balitadham, Pnones, Pinio, Bono (Bis. ) * Bawe-bawe (Pamp. ) * Kasumbal, Talolong (Bik. ) * Tartarau (Ilk. ) * Burma creeper, Chinese honey suckle (English) Niyug-Niyogan is a vine which bears tiny fruits and grows wild in backyards. The seed must come from mature, dried but newly opened fruits. It is propagated through stem cuttings about 20 cm. in height. Uses: For anti-helmintic purposes – used to expel roundworms which cause ascariasis. The seeds are taken 2 hours after supper. If no worms are expelled, the doses may be repeated after one week. Adults8-10 seeds 7-12 yrs. 6-7 seeds 6-8 yrs. 5-6 seeds 4-5 yrs. 4-5 seeds Caution: Not to be given to children below four years old. 6. Bayabas (Psidium guajava L. ) * Guyabas, Kalimbahin, Tayabas (Tag. ) * Bagabas (Ig. ) * Bayabo (Ibm. ) * Bayawas (Bik. , Pang. ) * Biabas (Sul. ) * Guyabas (Ilk. ) * Guava (English) Bayabas is a tree about 4-5 meters high with tiny white flowers with round or oval fruits that are eaten raw.It is propagated through seeds. Uses: * For washing wounds – may be used twice a day * For diarrhea – may be taken 3-4 days twice a day * For relief of toothache and as a gargle – warm decoction is used for gargle. Freshly pounded leaves are used for toothache. Guava leaves are to be washed well and chopped. Boil for 15 minutes at low fire. Do not cover pot. Cool and strain before use. 7. Akapulco (Cassia alata L. ) * Bayabas-bayabasan, Kapurko, Kantada, Katandang Aso, Pakagonkon, Sonting (Tag. ) * Andadasi, Andadasi-a dakdakol, Andadasi-bugbugtong (Ilk. ) * Adadasi (Ting. ) * Ancharasi (Ig. * Andalan (Sul. ) * Bayabasin, Bikas-bikas (Bik. , Tag. , Bis. ) * Kasitas (bik. , Bis. ) * Snting, Palo china (Bis. ) * Pakayomkom Kastila (Pamp. ) * Ringworm bush or shrub (English) Uses: * For anti-fungal purposes (Tinea flava, ring worm, athlete’s foot and scabies) – fresh, mature leaves are pounded. Apply to the affected part 1-2 times a day. 8. Ulasimang Bato (Peperonia pellucida) * Pansit-pansitan (Tag. ) Ulasimang Bato is a weed with heart-shaped leaves that grow in shady parts of the garden and yard. Uses: * For lowering uric acid (rheumatism and gout) Preparation: Wash the leaves well.One and a half cup leaves are boiled in two glassfuls of water over low fire. Do not cover pot. Cool and strain. Divide into three parts and drink each part three times a day after meals. It may also be eaten as salad. Wash the leaves well. Prepare one and a half cups of leaves (not closely packed). Divide into three parts and take as salad three times a day. 9. Bawang (Allium sativum) * Ajos (Spanish, Bis. ) * Garlic (English) Uses: * For lowering of cholesterol levels in blood; for hypertension and toothache Preparation: may be fried, roasted, soaked in vinegar for 30 minutes, or blanched in boiled water for 5 minutes.Take two pieces three times a day after meals. Caution: Take on full stomach to prevent stomach and intestinal ulcers. * For toothache – pound a small piece and apply to affected part. 10. Ampalaya (Mamordica charantia) * Amargoso (Spanish, Ilonggo) * Margoso, Ampalaya (Tag. ) * Apalia (Pamp. ) * Agape (Ibn. ) * Apapet (Itn. ) * Palia (Bis. , Ban. , If. , Ilk. ) * Pubia (Sub. ) * Suligum (Sul. ) * Balsam Apple, Balsam Pear, Bitter Gourd (English) Uses: * For those with Diabetes Mellitus (Mild non-insulin dependent) Preparation: Gather and wash young leaves very well. Chop.Boil 6 tablespoons of chopped leaves in two glassful of water for 15 minutes under slow fire. Do not cover pot. Cool and strain. Take one third cup 3 times a day after meals. Note: Young leaves may be blanched or steamed and eaten 1/2 glassful 2 times a day. REMINDERS ON THE USE OF HERBAL MEDICINE 1. Avoid the use of insecticides as these may leave poison on plants. This may be hazardous to consume and may cause poisoning that may lead to death. 2. In the preparation of herbal medicine, use a clay pot and remove cover while boiling at low heat. 3. Use only the part of the plant being advocated.Use of the parts not indicated may affect the potency of the herbal medicine, making it less effective or not effective at all when consumed. 4. Follow accurate dose of suggested preparation. Proper amount and timing of dosage is critical in achieving the expected results. Not following those can be detrimental to one’s health and recovery. 5. Use only one kind of herbal plant for each type of symptoms or sickness. 6. Stop giving the herbal medication in case untoward reaction such as allergy occurs. 7. If signs and symptoms are not relieved after 2 or 3 doses of herbal medication, consult a doctor.

Double Consciousness - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 828 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2018/12/18 Category Philosophy Essay Type Research paper Level High school Tags: African American Essay Discrimination Essay Racism Essay Did you like this example? The Souls of Black Folks investigates the concept of double consciousness. According to W.E.B. Du Bois (1903) double consciousness is looking at ones self through the eyes of another who sees you with amused disapproval and contempt. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Double Consciousness" essay for you Create order The concept discusses the progress and the struggle for freedom that African American went through up until 1903. Du Bois explores the inner struggle that the African American went through in the Caucasian-dominated culture. This paper examines Du Bois theory of double consciousness within the context of how Africans American see themselves through the eyes of European Americans who saw them with contempt and disregard. The black that is the African American had no ways to describe the feeling or the pain that the American subjected them. The two different views from each thus resulted in the concept of double consciousness. Primarily, double consciousness was developed as a result of close to three centuries of slavery experienced by African Americans. They experiences al sought of prejudice from the mainstream culture. To Du Bois, the concept of the veil referred to one the dark skin of the blacks which was the real distinction of the blacks from the whites. Second, it represent ed the lack of the whites to see the blacks as true Americans and also the lack of the blacks to view themselves different from what the white saw them. In their lifetime the African American had their most devastating time at the time the realized they were blacks and that was a problem and this to them was a life-altering encounter. The blacks had a hard time as they had to split their inner self to fit in and they had to see themselves in the eyes of the white. To DuBois, the veil meant that the white could not see the black beyond their race and the black, on the other hand, could not see themselves beyond the negative part that is his color. The veil, therefore, puts more emphasis on the black who had the two-ness in them in that they were half blacks and half Americans (Du Bois, 2008.) Moreover apart from the problem of their physical appearance the blacks still did not acquire full and equal citizenship as the whites even after slavery came to an end. The African Americans still struggled to overcome their experience like political power and physical freedom. As they tried to move on the blacks had more to unfold for example they had to struggle to get the right to vote and once they acquired the right to vote they had to fight against segregated education. The African American, therefore, have to fight to acquire equality at all levels, and until then they will still have the concept of double consciousness deep in them. The deep-rooted double consciousness was a result of the inner turmoil that the African felt and this highly manifested in the hesitant of trying to attain equal status as that of the Caucasian man. Du Bois claimed that there is a deep struggle for the black Americans to be fully considered as Americans and still hold on their African heritage. They had to ever feel the twoness in them, an American and a black person, have two souls two thoughts and two worrying ideas and one black body. Du Bois, hoped that instead of holding on to the twoness or the different identity, one day the Americans and the African American could be able to coexist peacefully (Du Bois, 2008). He hopes that they can be considered in their identity without feeling threatened split, discriminated or cursed right on their faces. The expectation of the culture group to Du Bois was beyond the desire to thrive in a world that gave them limited opportunities. It was then that it dawned on the black Americans that their struggle was unproductive it deemed to them that they had to be themselves and not another to gain their true identity. They had to replenish their minds with new ideas from the system of slavery and racial stratification. They had to act to open the door of prosperity that had been closed and leading to the state of double consciousness. The influence of racist practice had a high degree of negativity on the black Americans and deeply extended the double consciousness in 19century. Notably, Du Bois worked towards mitigat ing the social injustices in the society brought about by prejudices and discrimination based on color. He believed in a vibrant culture of education and internal awareness as a way of recovering from the double consciousness and the practices of the racists. To acquire an egalitarian society, Du Bois believed that both the Americans and the Black Americans need to realize and examine their characters and success since emancipation. Self-determination and encouragement would encourage the African Americans in achieving oneness, and no longer view themselves in the concept of double consciousness. References Du Bois, W. E. B. (2008). The souls of black folk. Oxford University Press.

Qualitative Research A Humanistic Or Idealistic Approach

Qualitative research focuses on understanding a research query as a humanistic or idealistic approach. This type of research is used to understand people’s beliefs, attitudes, behavior, and interactions (Pathak, Jena, Kalra, 2013). Qualitative research includes an â€Å"array of interpretive techniques which seek to describe, decode, translate, and otherwise come to terms with the meaning, not the frequency, of certain more or less naturally occurring phenomena in the social world (Cooper Schindler, 2014).† This type of research is highly criticized as â€Å"unscientific† because it lacks scientific rigor, but through appropriate research design, data collection, interpretation, and communication the rigor of qualitative research is ensured (Mays Pope, 1995; Whittemore, Chase, Mandle, 2001). Some types of qualitative research that are ordinarily undertaken are individual or group interviews, focus groups, and case studies (Cooper Schindler, 2014). NCR Corpor ation has made the decision to move its corporate headquarters from Dayton, Ohio to Duluth Georgia. Duluth is a suburb of Atlanta with a population of 26,600, with their average age being 35.5 and average income being $60,161 (United States Census Bureau , 2013). This combined with tax incentives, a large educated workforce, and significant connections to global markets are the reasons NCR has given for undertaking this transition. This move follows a trend of major American companies relocating their headquarters andShow MoreRelatedThe Importance of Demography to Development11868 Words   |  48 Pagespurposes. The results of sociological research aid educators, lawmakers, administrators, developers, and others interested in resolving social problems and formulating public policy, through subdisciplinary areas such as survey research, evaluation research, methodological assessment, and public sociology. Sociological methods, theories, and concepts compel the sociologist to explore the origins of commonly accepted rules governing human behavior. This specific approach to reality is known as the sociologicalRead MorePsychology Workbook Essay22836 Words   |  92 Pagesmethod? The scientific method proves or disproves competing ideas. Scientists make careful observations and therapies which are revised based on new observations . 2. The steps of the scientific method are (1) identify a problem or research question, (2) design a study, (3) collect data, (4) analyze data, (5) draw conclusions, and (6) communicate findings. Identify the step associated with each of the following activities: __3___ Dr. Lopez noted absent or present by each studentsRead MoreMy Knowledge And Belief Of Digital Television9351 Words   |  38 Pagesefficiency in work, fringe supervision, and co-worker relation are the most important factors contributing to job satisfaction. The research will be undertaken to investigate on the significance of factors such as working conditions, pay and promotion, job security, fairness, relationship with co-workers and supervisors in affecting job satisfaction. It is hoped that the research will present a comprehensive diagnosis of job satisfaction indices of digital TV business, the factors causing the dissatisfactionRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 PagesKochtanek and Joseph R. Matthews The Complete Guide to Acquisitions Management Frances C. Wilkinson and Linda K. Lewis Organization of Information, Second Edition Arlene G. Taylor The School Library Media Manager, Third Edition Blanche Woolls Basic Research Methods for Librarians Rona ld R. Powell and Lynn Silipigni Connoway Library of Congress Subject Headings: Principles and Application, Fourth Edition Lois Mai Chan Developing Library and Information Center Collections, Fifth Edition G. Edward EvansRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesand Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of work that today qualify as constituting the subject of organisational theory. Whilst their writing is accessible and engaging, their approach is scholarly and serious. It is so easy for students (and indeed others who should know better) to trivialize this very problematic and challenging subject. This is not the case with the present book. This is a book that deserves to achieve a wideRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesFoundations of Organization Structure 479 v vi BRIEF CONTENTS 4 The Organization System 16 Organizational Culture 511 17 Human Resource Policies and Practices 543 18 Organizational Change and Stress Management 577 Appendix A Research in Organizational Behavior Comprehensive Cases Indexes Glindex 637 663 616 623 Contents Preface xxii 1 1 Introduction What Is Organizational Behavior? 3 The Importance of Interpersonal Skills 4 What Managers Do 5 Management

The Killer Angels By Michael Shaara - 1634 Words

Author Background Pulitzer Prize-winning author Michael Shaara, the author of The Killer Angels, was born on June 23, 1928 in Jersey City, New Jersey. He was an author of science fiction, sports fiction, and historical fiction. Although writing was his passion, Shaara was very athletically successful in high school, winning more awards than any other student in the history of the school for sports such as basketball, track and baseball. He acquired a skill in boxing, and of the 18 matches Shaara fought as a young man, he won 17. The one loss would serve as the basis for a later short story, Come to My Party. After high school, he attended Rutgers University and graduated with a bachelor’s degree in 1951. He later did some graduate work at Columbia University and the University of Vermont. It was during his college days that he realized his one goal was to become a writer, and he began to write short stories and sell them to magazines such as Playboy, Redbook, Cosmopolitan, The Saturday Evening Post, and many others. Prior to the Korean War, Shaara served as a paratrooper and was a sergeant in the 82nd Airborne Division, and he later served as a merchant seaman and a police officer. After working these various jobs, Shaara began to focus more on subjects related to writing, and later taught English, literature and creative writing at Florida State University in Tallahassee while continuing to write fiction on the side. His second novel, The Killer Angels, brought himShow MoreRelatedThe Killer Angels By Michael Shaara1290 Words   |  6 Pages The Killer Angels Essay â€Å"There is no honorable way to kill, no gentle way to destroy. There is nothing good in war. 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On July 1, 1863, the Confederate army, and the Union army, fought the largest battle of the American Civil War. When the battle ended, fifty one thousand men were KIA (Killed In Action), wounded, or MIA (Missing in Action). All the characters in this book are based

Sample Answer Ccts by Miss Emy Jong Free Essays

National level public examinations such as the Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia (SPM) and Sijil Pelajaran Tinggi Malaysia (STPM) have always generated a lot of interest among the general public as they are essential for entrance into universities and also to enter into the work market. In the recent few years, attention has been drawn to the phenomenon of students getting up to 20 As in the SPM examinations and this has been a source of contention especially with regards to scholarship allocation and university placements. The government then has been mulling a decision to set a limit on the maximum number of subjects a candidate may sit for as a way to simplify the selection process into tertiary studies. We will write a custom essay sample on Sample Answer Ccts by Miss Emy Jong or any similar topic only for you Order Now The writer of this article, Dr. I. Lourdesamy of the Pacific Institute Technology in Petaling Jaya offers his views on this development and the article is aptly titled â€Å"SPM Subjects: Let students make the choice. Basically, the writer is of the opinion that setting a cap on the number of subjects a student may sit for does not address the real issue of suitable selection criteria into tertiary education, and he goes on to suggest how we may best tackle the issue by giving his recommendations as well as what he feels the goal of education should be. The writer proposes that we should not limit the number of subjects SPM students can sit for, and instead students can be evaluated on the basis of their performance in subjects directly related to the proposed field of study. He is disagreeable to limiting students’ opportunity to learn, and feels that the students should be allowed to decide on their own goals based on their capacity and aptitude. He also suggests that schools offer a range of elective subjects to cater to different student interests. Furthermore, the writer opines that most students have too much free time and actually should be encouraged to do more. Finally, the writer addresses the primary objective of education – to provide opportunity for its students to maximize their learning potential. Personally, I find the writer’s argument of not limiting the number of subjects for SPM students to be reasonable and logical. As he said earlier, if the concern is the assessment process for scholarships and places in universities then what we need is a clear and comprehensive guideline on the selection criteria for the various disciplines in tertiary education. Actually, the practice of taking into account only subjects which are directly relevant to the proposed field of study has long been practiced and limiting the number of subjects would not help in any way to determine which students are more deserving of university placements or scholarships. What students need to be made aware of is that they need to prepare for their desired field of study by taking relevant subjects which would be necessary in the selection process. The author’s arguments on allowing students to decide on their own goals based on their capacity and aptitude, besides having schools offering elective subjects are indeed good suggestions. Having gone through the path of being a student myself, I strongly feel that if students are given more say in what they are studying, it will make them more motivated and keen to learn. They can also be challenged appropriately, and the scenario of having students being bored (because the syllabus is too easy or uninteresting) or not being able to follow lessons (because they are too weak) will be greatly reduced. However, the implementation of such suggestions may be very difficult as a lot of resources will need to be made available to schools and students. We would have to first have a large enough pool of competent teachers to teach students these various subjects at all levels of difficulty, and sorting out the logistics such as allocation of classrooms and time-tabling could also prove very challenging. Students’ use of their free time was also one of the points raised in the article. The author obviously feels that students could be more productive and that they do not have much to do. While there may be some truth to his argument, I think that it is not fair to generalize and say that all students are too free and should be asked to do more. How much time a student actually spends on his studies and other worthwhile activities differs greatly from one student to another. It really depends on the individual’s motivation and goals. Some students who are already pushing themselves very hard should actually be taught to relax and have more balance in their life. Therefore, this argument shows the author’s bias towards students nowadays and he should give more careful thought to this before making such conclusions. How to cite Sample Answer Ccts by Miss Emy Jong, Papers

Standards for Project Governance

Question: 1. Support various factors in the planning stages, including but not limited to the importance of planning, key personal including internal and external stakeholders, budget, business processes, business alignment, software, applications, hardware, networks, licensing, and maintenance. In addition include other factors that are necessary during the planning stages, and important discussion points that should occur during the planning stage. 2. Integrate why testing and assessment are necessary components before the implementation stage. 3. Categorize the implementation stage. Include a summary of the steps necessary in the implementation stage including, but not limited to migrations for existing components, software, applications, hardware, network, security factors, testing, timelines, downtime, vendor involvement and best practices. 4. Break down five (5) critical factors that are important for ongoing analysis of the usage of an enterprise network architecture and recommended improvements. Answer: Introduction This study deals with discussion on the planning phases for development, implementation of ERP system. The Chief Information Officer informs that the business has strict standards in case of project governance. In the competitive business environment, it is necessary to optimize resources as well as improve profitability and focus on customer satisfaction attributes (Ziemba et al., 2013). Most of the companies are implementing Enterprise Resource Planning software solutions for improving operations as well as providing faster customer responses. Selection of ERP solution aims at meeting the specific business requirements and having smooth implementation in the most appropriate way. Factors in planning stages in ERP system Strategic Planning Assigning project team One of the factors in planning stages in ERP System requires assigning project team with employees. They can be from sales, accounting, operations, purchasing as well as customer service and senior management (Yen et al., 2015). Each team member should be committed towards attainment of success of project and accountable for specified tasks. It helps in developing timeline as well as finalizing objectives and formulating training plan at the same time. Examining current business process as well as information flow It is necessary to have a team and conduct analysis on business process for further improvement.. Team members should conduct interviews with major key personnel as well as uncover additional areas of improvement (Staehr et al., 2012). Setting objectives The main objective lies in the fact of mentioning clear defined solution to the ERP Implementation. ERP systems are massive and it is impossible in implementing every single function (Ruivo et al., 2013). Developing project plan It is necessary for the team for developing project plan including defined goals, training procedures, objectives as well as individual team responsibilities (Powell et al., 2013). Importance of planning Planning is importance that includes what needs to be done at an earlier stage. Proper planning helps in conducting detailed project plan as far as possible. Post-implementation audit should be performed for running the reconciliation process for first six months (Powell, 2013). Anticipated Return on investment as well as business benefits for realization of proper planning system in the near future. Key personal: External Stakeholders External stakeholders include shareholders, customers, suppliers, broad aspect of society, government, media as well as public (Poba-Nzaou et al., 2014). Budget ERP System sets forecasted budgets for setting reasonable goals as well as objectives. Organization should create realistic budget including all costs for implementation like software, hardware as well as staff resources. Most of the organization expects timely Return on investment from an ERP project. Business organization reduces the project budget in an attempt to improve in the Return on Investment (Nettstrter et al., 2015). The main areas that can reduce are training as well as project management and change management. It is recommended to create good estimate of implementation costs as well as keep tight control over the costs. It is advisable not to cut costs in change management as well as training and project management. Addition to that, it should use implementation tools as well as methods after consulting implementers offering methods (Mller Turowski, 2015). Business Process ERP System requires intensive review of the software capabilities for implementing smooth business process. Training on every aspects of ERP software requires educating team on capabilities and gap identification (Mittelstdt et al., 2015). Business Alignment ERP system implementation requires good alignment with operational resources satisfying every aspect of business activities. Software ERP System should develop standard operating procedures in selecting the best software packages. It evaluates with process in manual form and automated with the ERP system at the same time (Meyr et al., 2015). Applications ERP software applications should determine with modifications and requires prior training in an effective way Hardware ERP system uses hardware applications by converting outdated information in the system. It requires collecting new data from sourced documents for future analysis purpose (Ha Ahn, 2014). Networks ERP System requires networks that can be reviewed for accuracy as well as completeness of information. Licensing ERP System requires essential licensing for evaluating ways for maximizing return on investment in the most appropriate way (May et al., 2013). Maintenance ERP system requires developing structured evaluation and maintenance plan for setting up goals as well as objectives setting at planning stage (Ha Ahn, 2014). Integration why testing and assessment necessary before implementation stage It is important to test and assess before the implementation stage at the time of selecting good ERP packages. Companies should select reputable as well as stable developer for meeting the current needs in case of planned growth as well as operations. Customized solutions require lot of time and add unnecessary cost (Lu et al., 2015). Failure of ERP implementation happens mainly due to not meeting the specific business requirements. Therefore, purchasing ERP application is considered half a battle and requires well-designed implementation plan for attainment of success in the upcoming years. The main scope of ERP system likely not satisfied all the required needs of the organization. It is necessary in developing ERP system as well as understanding the main components of ERP with other systems and methods. This study explains the project scope from knowledge base as well as full detailed investigation of business requirements (Herzig et al., 2012). Categorizing the implementation stage ERP Implementation project requires planning at every stage for success. It consists of various steps as well as phases that helps business enterprise gets guaranteed recipe for success. Phase 1 Selection of ERP Selection Team ERP implementation affects entire organization and picks only handful of employees for becoming the part of selection team (Ha Ahn, 2014). Business organization requires an executive sponsor for backing up project who has been through an ERP projects. Phase 2 Pre-evaluation Screening After the implementation of ERP, it is necessary to search for right package. Phase 3 Selection of Right System After identifying top candidates, it is necessary to evaluate each individuals side-by-side for getting the best option under practice. Phase 4 Project Planning Phase This particular part of the plan lays down the stages in designing the implementation process involving time schedules as well as deadlines. It clearly identifies roles as well as assigning responsibilities in the contingency plans. Phase 5 Gap Analysis One of the most vital steps is to identify business and goals in the upcoming future. It requires in involving potential functional gaps, third party products and ERP development (Elragal Haddara, 2012). Phase 6 Reengineering ERP Implementation changes IT side of things in terms of business process as well as responsibilities. Migration for existing components ERP system embedded with best practices. Business organizations should keep tight control over customizations and diminishing in the applied best practices. This migration polices results in increase in scope as well as budgets at the same time (Galy Sauceda, 2014). Security factors ERP system requires necessary security factors so that there is well-supported growth and operations (Elragal Haddara, 2012). Timeliness ERP system should conduct good project closure on timely manner at the time of start-up. Personnel should be clear regarding clear lines of communication for final commission process. It applies to introduction of new business process. Downtime In case of ERP system downtime, most of the companys response with extreme prudence before the switch goes off. Planning at technical level is important and usage of operational checklists. Downtime is the time when it is not operational in any form in case of ERP System Implementation (Elragal Haddara, 2012). Vendor involvement ERP vendors create software for particular business enterprise. It mainly sells software to the potential client (Alaskari et al., 2013). Vendor as well as representatives involves in installation, and providing initial training and initial bugs at the same time. Critical factors important for ongoing analysis of the usage in enterprise network architecture and recommended improvements It is recommended that organizations exploring ERP implementation take into account on key success factors as well as ways in achieving greater success in the upcoming year. These factors come under common areas for ERP implementation for addressing the main ongoing enterprise network architecture for future analysis purpose (Clegg Wan, 2013). It requires planning business requirements like data management as well as social media and business intelligence. Vendor frequently involve in taking care of implementing customizations of designs by the ERP consultant. Project team should have healthy working relationship with other consultants. It should create competency center in case of supporting needs by subject matter expertise (Bokovec et al., 2015). Conclusion At the end of the study, it is concluded that ERP system should understand the business requirements and plan for future analysis purpose. ERP should satisfy some of the business requirement as needed. It requires using proven implementation methodologies as well as tools for the project. It empowers team for making final decisions in the most appropriate way. One of the major fallacies with ERP implementation includes organization for understanding the success drivers as well as preparatory recommendations for supporting it. Reference List Alaskari, O., Ahmad, M. M., Dhafr, N., Pinedo-Cuenca, R. (2013). Critical successful factors (CSFs) for successful implementation of lean tools and ERP systems. Bokovec, K., Damij, T., Rajkovi , T. (2015). Evaluating ERP Projects with multi-attribute decision support systems. Computers in Industry, 73, 93-104. Clegg, B., Wan, Y. (2013). Managing enterprises and ERP systems: a contingency model for the enterprization of operations. International Journal of Operations Production Management, 33(11/12), 1458-1489. Elragal, A., Haddara, M. (2012). The Future of ERP Systems: look backward before moving forward. Procedia Technology, 5, 21-30. Galy, E., Sauceda, M. J. (2014). Post-implementation practices of ERP systems and their relationship to financial performance. Information Management, 51(3), 310-319. Ha, Y. M., Ahn, H. J. (2014). Factors affecting the performance of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems in the post-implementation stage. Behaviour Information Technology, 33(10), 1065-1081. Herzig, P., Strahringer, S., Ameling, M. (2012). Gamification of ERP systems-Exploring gamification effects on user acceptance constructs. In Multikonferenz Wirtschaftsinformatik (pp. 793-804). Braunschweig: GITO. Lu, X., Nagelkerke, M., van de Wiel, D., Fahland, D. (2015). Discovering interacting artifacts from ERP systems (extended version). May, J., Dhillon, G., Caldeira, M. (2013). Defining value-based objectives for ERP systems planning. Decision Support Systems, 55(1), 98-109. Meyr, H., Wagner, M., Rohde, J. (2015). Structure of advanced planning systems. In Supply chain management and advanced planning (pp. 99-106). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Mittelstdt, V., Brauner, P., Blum, M., Ziefle, M. (2015). On the Visual Design of ERP Systems TheRole of Information Complexity, Presentation and Human Factors. Procedia Manufacturing, 3, 448-455. Mller, H., Turowski, K. (2015, January). Big Data on Performance Logs-A Collaborative Monitoring Cloud for ERP Systems. In Proceedings on the International Conference on Internet Computing (ICOMP) (p. 75). The Steering Committee of The World Congress in Computer Science, Computer Engineering and Applied Computing (WorldComp). Nettstrter, A., Geien, T., Witthaut, M., Ebel, D., Schoneboom, J. (2015). Logistics Software Systems and Functions: An Overview of ERP, WMS, TMS and SCM Systems. In Cloud Computing for Logistics (pp. 1-11). Springer International Publishing. Poba-Nzaou, P., Uwizeyemungu, S., Raymond, L., Par, G. (2014). Motivations underlying the adoption of ERP systems in healthcare organizations: Insights from online stories. Information Systems Frontiers, 16(4), 591-605. Powell, D. (2013). ERP systems in lean production: new insights from a review of lean and ERP literature. International Journal of Operations Production Management, 33(11/12), 1490-1510. Powell, D., Riezebos, J., Strandhagen, J. O. (2013). Lean production and ERP systems in small-and medium-sized enterprises: ERP support for pull production. International Journal of Production Research, 51(2), 395-409. Ruivo, P., Johansson, B., Oliveira, T., Neto, M. (2013). Commercial ERP systems and user productivity: a study across European SMEs. Procedia Technology, 9, 84-93. Staehr, L., Shanks, G., Seddon, P. B. (2012). An explanatory framework for achieving business benefits from ERP systems. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 13(6), 424. Yen, H. R., Hu, P. J. H., Hsu, S. H. Y., Li, E. Y. (2015). A Multilevel Approach to Examine Employees Loyal Use of ERP Systems in Organizations. Journal of Management Information Systems, 32(4), 144-178. Ziemba, E., Obk, I., Informatyczna, B. S. (2013). Critical success factors for ERP systems implementation in public administration. Interdisciplinary Journal of Information, Knowledge, and Management, 8, 1-19.