Qualitative Research A Humanistic Or Idealistic Approach

Qualitative research focuses on understanding a research query as a humanistic or idealistic approach. This type of research is used to understand people’s beliefs, attitudes, behavior, and interactions (Pathak, Jena, Kalra, 2013). Qualitative research includes an â€Å"array of interpretive techniques which seek to describe, decode, translate, and otherwise come to terms with the meaning, not the frequency, of certain more or less naturally occurring phenomena in the social world (Cooper Schindler, 2014).† This type of research is highly criticized as â€Å"unscientific† because it lacks scientific rigor, but through appropriate research design, data collection, interpretation, and communication the rigor of qualitative research is ensured (Mays Pope, 1995; Whittemore, Chase, Mandle, 2001). Some types of qualitative research that are ordinarily undertaken are individual or group interviews, focus groups, and case studies (Cooper Schindler, 2014). NCR Corpor ation has made the decision to move its corporate headquarters from Dayton, Ohio to Duluth Georgia. Duluth is a suburb of Atlanta with a population of 26,600, with their average age being 35.5 and average income being $60,161 (United States Census Bureau , 2013). This combined with tax incentives, a large educated workforce, and significant connections to global markets are the reasons NCR has given for undertaking this transition. This move follows a trend of major American companies relocating their headquarters andShow MoreRelatedThe Importance of Demography to Development11868 Words   |  48 Pagespurposes. The results of sociological research aid educators, lawmakers, administrators, developers, and others interested in resolving social problems and formulating public policy, through subdisciplinary areas such as survey research, evaluation research, methodological assessment, and public sociology. Sociological methods, theories, and concepts compel the sociologist to explore the origins of commonly accepted rules governing human behavior. This specific approach to reality is known as the sociologicalRead MorePsychology Workbook Essay22836 Words   |  92 Pagesmethod? The scientific method proves or disproves competing ideas. Scientists make careful observations and therapies which are revised based on new observations . 2. The steps of the scientific method are (1) identify a problem or research question, (2) design a study, (3) collect data, (4) analyze data, (5) draw conclusions, and (6) communicate findings. Identify the step associated with each of the following activities: __3___ Dr. Lopez noted absent or present by each studentsRead MoreMy Knowledge And Belief Of Digital Television9351 Words   |  38 Pagesefficiency in work, fringe supervision, and co-worker relation are the most important factors contributing to job satisfaction. The research will be undertaken to investigate on the significance of factors such as working conditions, pay and promotion, job security, fairness, relationship with co-workers and supervisors in affecting job satisfaction. It is hoped that the research will present a comprehensive diagnosis of job satisfaction indices of digital TV business, the factors causing the dissatisfactionRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 PagesKochtanek and Joseph R. Matthews The Complete Guide to Acquisitions Management Frances C. Wilkinson and Linda K. Lewis Organization of Information, Second Edition Arlene G. Taylor The School Library Media Manager, Third Edition Blanche Woolls Basic Research Methods for Librarians Rona ld R. Powell and Lynn Silipigni Connoway Library of Congress Subject Headings: Principles and Application, Fourth Edition Lois Mai Chan Developing Library and Information Center Collections, Fifth Edition G. Edward EvansRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesand Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of work that today qualify as constituting the subject of organisational theory. Whilst their writing is accessible and engaging, their approach is scholarly and serious. It is so easy for students (and indeed others who should know better) to trivialize this very problematic and challenging subject. This is not the case with the present book. This is a book that deserves to achieve a wideRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesFoundations of Organization Structure 479 v vi BRIEF CONTENTS 4 The Organization System 16 Organizational Culture 511 17 Human Resource Policies and Practices 543 18 Organizational Change and Stress Management 577 Appendix A Research in Organizational Behavior Comprehensive Cases Indexes Glindex 637 663 616 623 Contents Preface xxii 1 1 Introduction What Is Organizational Behavior? 3 The Importance of Interpersonal Skills 4 What Managers Do 5 Management

The Killer Angels By Michael Shaara - 1634 Words

Author Background Pulitzer Prize-winning author Michael Shaara, the author of The Killer Angels, was born on June 23, 1928 in Jersey City, New Jersey. He was an author of science fiction, sports fiction, and historical fiction. Although writing was his passion, Shaara was very athletically successful in high school, winning more awards than any other student in the history of the school for sports such as basketball, track and baseball. He acquired a skill in boxing, and of the 18 matches Shaara fought as a young man, he won 17. The one loss would serve as the basis for a later short story, Come to My Party. After high school, he attended Rutgers University and graduated with a bachelor’s degree in 1951. He later did some graduate work at Columbia University and the University of Vermont. It was during his college days that he realized his one goal was to become a writer, and he began to write short stories and sell them to magazines such as Playboy, Redbook, Cosmopolitan, The Saturday Evening Post, and many others. Prior to the Korean War, Shaara served as a paratrooper and was a sergeant in the 82nd Airborne Division, and he later served as a merchant seaman and a police officer. After working these various jobs, Shaara began to focus more on subjects related to writing, and later taught English, literature and creative writing at Florida State University in Tallahassee while continuing to write fiction on the side. His second novel, The Killer Angels, brought himShow MoreRelatedThe Killer Angels By Michael Shaara1290 Words   |  6 Pages The Killer Angels Essay â€Å"There is no honorable way to kill, no gentle way to destroy. There is nothing good in war. Except its ending.† Stated by Abraham Lincoln, this quote embodies the essence of war, its tragic character and unfortunate occasional necessity. Accordingly, the outcome of war and its battles is often determined by the attitudes of the leaders of the opposing sides, including their causes for the willingness to fight and to be fought. Such was the case with the Battle of GettysburgRead MoreThe Killer Angels By Michael Shaara1521 Words   |  7 PagesThe book The Killer Angels was published in 1975 by the Ballatine Booksand was written by Michael Shaara. The Killer Angels is a historic novel about the time of the American Civil War, more specifically The Battle of Gettysburg. Shaara wrote this historical masterpiece with the sole purpose of letting the reader know exactly how the war was for the men actually putting their lives on the line to get this great country of America to the stature it is today. In order to accomplish his goal of creatingRead MoreThe Killer Angel By Michael Shaara1248 Words   |  5 Pages The Killer Angel is a book elaborating on the history of the American civil war authored by Michael Shaara. The book has gained popularity among American citizens as it covers one of the deadliest battles in American history that took place at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, hence the title of the battle of Gettysburg (Shaara 5). The crash involved two major groups, the Confederacy, and the Union. The Confederacy constituted of seven secessionist states from the South who advocated forRead MoreThe Killer Angels By Michael Shaara1947 Words   |  8 Pagesthe dueling North and South together to the small town of Gettysburg and on the threshold of splitting the Union. Gettysburg was as close as the United States got to Armageddon and The Killer Angels gives this full day-to-day account of the battle that shaped America’s future. Michael Shaara author of â€Å"The Killer Angels,† tells the story of the Battle of Gettysburg through the eyes of generals Robert E. Lee, Joshua Chamberlain, James Longstreet, and John Buford, and the other men involved in the actionRead MoreKiller Angels By Michael Shaara850 Words   |  4 Pages In the Pulitzer Prize winning civil war novel Killer Angels, Michael Shaara covers five days of the historic battle between the Northern and Southern United States at Gettysburg. Both the North and the South fought for freedom, although they did not have equivalent definitions of freedom. The North and the South were unwavering in their beliefs and their hope for a better United States, but what the two butted heads the most on was slavery. The South was a primarily agrarian region which reliedRead MoreThe Killer Angels By Michael Shaara1117 Words   |  5 Pages Michael Shaara’s 1974 historical novel, The Killer Angels, covers the story of the four days of the Battle of Gettysburg that also features maps for visualization. The format of the story is well organized. It begins with a Foreword, which describes in great detail the armies and soldiers involved in the battle. It follows up with four sections and within each section there are chapters that are written in chronological order, covering the events between Monday, June 29, 1863 and Friday, July 3Read MoreThe Killer Angels By Michael Shaara Essay1255 Words   |  6 Pages In the novel The Killer Angels by Michael Shaara, the story is told from the perspective of the men that fought in the war of Gettysburg in Pennsylvania on July 1863. We are able to see both sides of the combatants, their struggles they faced, friendships acquired, losses, personal stories and their views. In history we only learn the superficial information of how it occurred in the battle and the outcome of it, but we do not know how it happened and how much effort it took to fight in thatRead MoreThe Killer Angels By Michael Shaara1123 Words   |  5 PagesThe Killer Angels Novel written by Michael Shaara describes the Gettysburg battle from the perspective of Robert E. Lee, James Longstreet, various soldiers from both sides, and other men who fought in the battle. This author makes the reader go back in time and actually makes the reader depict the circumstances, and situations that soldiers and generals faced. This Novel makes the reader know that both sides were eager to win, and bring this bloodshed to an end. This amazing Novel shows how neighborRead MoreThe Killer Angels By Michael Shaara852 Words   |  4 PagesThe Killer Angels by Michael Shaara was not just a fiction novel, it was a story of a man who actually saw the battlefield of Gettysburg and learned about the battle and its importance. When he returned from the battle sight he decided to write a novel based on his experience there. Instead of creating fictional characters he used the names and experiences he had directly with the main characters of the novel. Not only did Shaara study and review letters, documents and journal enteries of the menRead MoreThe Killer Angels By Michael Shaara1206 Words   |  5 PagesShawn Gacy American Lit. Mrs. Moyer September 11, 2015 Summer Reading The book I chose to read over the summer was the book The Killer Angels, by Michael Shaara. The Killer Angels tells the story of the Battle of Gettysburg. On July 1, 1863, the Confederate army, and the Union army, fought the largest battle of the American Civil War. When the battle ended, fifty one thousand men were KIA (Killed In Action), wounded, or MIA (Missing in Action). All the characters in this book are based

Sample Answer Ccts by Miss Emy Jong Free Essays

National level public examinations such as the Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia (SPM) and Sijil Pelajaran Tinggi Malaysia (STPM) have always generated a lot of interest among the general public as they are essential for entrance into universities and also to enter into the work market. In the recent few years, attention has been drawn to the phenomenon of students getting up to 20 As in the SPM examinations and this has been a source of contention especially with regards to scholarship allocation and university placements. The government then has been mulling a decision to set a limit on the maximum number of subjects a candidate may sit for as a way to simplify the selection process into tertiary studies. We will write a custom essay sample on Sample Answer Ccts by Miss Emy Jong or any similar topic only for you Order Now The writer of this article, Dr. I. Lourdesamy of the Pacific Institute Technology in Petaling Jaya offers his views on this development and the article is aptly titled â€Å"SPM Subjects: Let students make the choice. Basically, the writer is of the opinion that setting a cap on the number of subjects a student may sit for does not address the real issue of suitable selection criteria into tertiary education, and he goes on to suggest how we may best tackle the issue by giving his recommendations as well as what he feels the goal of education should be. The writer proposes that we should not limit the number of subjects SPM students can sit for, and instead students can be evaluated on the basis of their performance in subjects directly related to the proposed field of study. He is disagreeable to limiting students’ opportunity to learn, and feels that the students should be allowed to decide on their own goals based on their capacity and aptitude. He also suggests that schools offer a range of elective subjects to cater to different student interests. Furthermore, the writer opines that most students have too much free time and actually should be encouraged to do more. Finally, the writer addresses the primary objective of education – to provide opportunity for its students to maximize their learning potential. Personally, I find the writer’s argument of not limiting the number of subjects for SPM students to be reasonable and logical. As he said earlier, if the concern is the assessment process for scholarships and places in universities then what we need is a clear and comprehensive guideline on the selection criteria for the various disciplines in tertiary education. Actually, the practice of taking into account only subjects which are directly relevant to the proposed field of study has long been practiced and limiting the number of subjects would not help in any way to determine which students are more deserving of university placements or scholarships. What students need to be made aware of is that they need to prepare for their desired field of study by taking relevant subjects which would be necessary in the selection process. The author’s arguments on allowing students to decide on their own goals based on their capacity and aptitude, besides having schools offering elective subjects are indeed good suggestions. Having gone through the path of being a student myself, I strongly feel that if students are given more say in what they are studying, it will make them more motivated and keen to learn. They can also be challenged appropriately, and the scenario of having students being bored (because the syllabus is too easy or uninteresting) or not being able to follow lessons (because they are too weak) will be greatly reduced. However, the implementation of such suggestions may be very difficult as a lot of resources will need to be made available to schools and students. We would have to first have a large enough pool of competent teachers to teach students these various subjects at all levels of difficulty, and sorting out the logistics such as allocation of classrooms and time-tabling could also prove very challenging. Students’ use of their free time was also one of the points raised in the article. The author obviously feels that students could be more productive and that they do not have much to do. While there may be some truth to his argument, I think that it is not fair to generalize and say that all students are too free and should be asked to do more. How much time a student actually spends on his studies and other worthwhile activities differs greatly from one student to another. It really depends on the individual’s motivation and goals. Some students who are already pushing themselves very hard should actually be taught to relax and have more balance in their life. Therefore, this argument shows the author’s bias towards students nowadays and he should give more careful thought to this before making such conclusions. How to cite Sample Answer Ccts by Miss Emy Jong, Papers

Standards for Project Governance

Question: 1. Support various factors in the planning stages, including but not limited to the importance of planning, key personal including internal and external stakeholders, budget, business processes, business alignment, software, applications, hardware, networks, licensing, and maintenance. In addition include other factors that are necessary during the planning stages, and important discussion points that should occur during the planning stage. 2. Integrate why testing and assessment are necessary components before the implementation stage. 3. Categorize the implementation stage. Include a summary of the steps necessary in the implementation stage including, but not limited to migrations for existing components, software, applications, hardware, network, security factors, testing, timelines, downtime, vendor involvement and best practices. 4. Break down five (5) critical factors that are important for ongoing analysis of the usage of an enterprise network architecture and recommended improvements. Answer: Introduction This study deals with discussion on the planning phases for development, implementation of ERP system. The Chief Information Officer informs that the business has strict standards in case of project governance. In the competitive business environment, it is necessary to optimize resources as well as improve profitability and focus on customer satisfaction attributes (Ziemba et al., 2013). Most of the companies are implementing Enterprise Resource Planning software solutions for improving operations as well as providing faster customer responses. Selection of ERP solution aims at meeting the specific business requirements and having smooth implementation in the most appropriate way. Factors in planning stages in ERP system Strategic Planning Assigning project team One of the factors in planning stages in ERP System requires assigning project team with employees. They can be from sales, accounting, operations, purchasing as well as customer service and senior management (Yen et al., 2015). Each team member should be committed towards attainment of success of project and accountable for specified tasks. It helps in developing timeline as well as finalizing objectives and formulating training plan at the same time. Examining current business process as well as information flow It is necessary to have a team and conduct analysis on business process for further improvement.. Team members should conduct interviews with major key personnel as well as uncover additional areas of improvement (Staehr et al., 2012). Setting objectives The main objective lies in the fact of mentioning clear defined solution to the ERP Implementation. ERP systems are massive and it is impossible in implementing every single function (Ruivo et al., 2013). Developing project plan It is necessary for the team for developing project plan including defined goals, training procedures, objectives as well as individual team responsibilities (Powell et al., 2013). Importance of planning Planning is importance that includes what needs to be done at an earlier stage. Proper planning helps in conducting detailed project plan as far as possible. Post-implementation audit should be performed for running the reconciliation process for first six months (Powell, 2013). Anticipated Return on investment as well as business benefits for realization of proper planning system in the near future. Key personal: External Stakeholders External stakeholders include shareholders, customers, suppliers, broad aspect of society, government, media as well as public (Poba-Nzaou et al., 2014). Budget ERP System sets forecasted budgets for setting reasonable goals as well as objectives. Organization should create realistic budget including all costs for implementation like software, hardware as well as staff resources. Most of the organization expects timely Return on investment from an ERP project. Business organization reduces the project budget in an attempt to improve in the Return on Investment (Nettstrter et al., 2015). The main areas that can reduce are training as well as project management and change management. It is recommended to create good estimate of implementation costs as well as keep tight control over the costs. It is advisable not to cut costs in change management as well as training and project management. Addition to that, it should use implementation tools as well as methods after consulting implementers offering methods (Mller Turowski, 2015). Business Process ERP System requires intensive review of the software capabilities for implementing smooth business process. Training on every aspects of ERP software requires educating team on capabilities and gap identification (Mittelstdt et al., 2015). Business Alignment ERP system implementation requires good alignment with operational resources satisfying every aspect of business activities. Software ERP System should develop standard operating procedures in selecting the best software packages. It evaluates with process in manual form and automated with the ERP system at the same time (Meyr et al., 2015). Applications ERP software applications should determine with modifications and requires prior training in an effective way Hardware ERP system uses hardware applications by converting outdated information in the system. It requires collecting new data from sourced documents for future analysis purpose (Ha Ahn, 2014). Networks ERP System requires networks that can be reviewed for accuracy as well as completeness of information. Licensing ERP System requires essential licensing for evaluating ways for maximizing return on investment in the most appropriate way (May et al., 2013). Maintenance ERP system requires developing structured evaluation and maintenance plan for setting up goals as well as objectives setting at planning stage (Ha Ahn, 2014). Integration why testing and assessment necessary before implementation stage It is important to test and assess before the implementation stage at the time of selecting good ERP packages. Companies should select reputable as well as stable developer for meeting the current needs in case of planned growth as well as operations. Customized solutions require lot of time and add unnecessary cost (Lu et al., 2015). Failure of ERP implementation happens mainly due to not meeting the specific business requirements. Therefore, purchasing ERP application is considered half a battle and requires well-designed implementation plan for attainment of success in the upcoming years. The main scope of ERP system likely not satisfied all the required needs of the organization. It is necessary in developing ERP system as well as understanding the main components of ERP with other systems and methods. This study explains the project scope from knowledge base as well as full detailed investigation of business requirements (Herzig et al., 2012). Categorizing the implementation stage ERP Implementation project requires planning at every stage for success. It consists of various steps as well as phases that helps business enterprise gets guaranteed recipe for success. Phase 1 Selection of ERP Selection Team ERP implementation affects entire organization and picks only handful of employees for becoming the part of selection team (Ha Ahn, 2014). Business organization requires an executive sponsor for backing up project who has been through an ERP projects. Phase 2 Pre-evaluation Screening After the implementation of ERP, it is necessary to search for right package. Phase 3 Selection of Right System After identifying top candidates, it is necessary to evaluate each individuals side-by-side for getting the best option under practice. Phase 4 Project Planning Phase This particular part of the plan lays down the stages in designing the implementation process involving time schedules as well as deadlines. It clearly identifies roles as well as assigning responsibilities in the contingency plans. Phase 5 Gap Analysis One of the most vital steps is to identify business and goals in the upcoming future. It requires in involving potential functional gaps, third party products and ERP development (Elragal Haddara, 2012). Phase 6 Reengineering ERP Implementation changes IT side of things in terms of business process as well as responsibilities. Migration for existing components ERP system embedded with best practices. Business organizations should keep tight control over customizations and diminishing in the applied best practices. This migration polices results in increase in scope as well as budgets at the same time (Galy Sauceda, 2014). Security factors ERP system requires necessary security factors so that there is well-supported growth and operations (Elragal Haddara, 2012). Timeliness ERP system should conduct good project closure on timely manner at the time of start-up. Personnel should be clear regarding clear lines of communication for final commission process. It applies to introduction of new business process. Downtime In case of ERP system downtime, most of the companys response with extreme prudence before the switch goes off. Planning at technical level is important and usage of operational checklists. Downtime is the time when it is not operational in any form in case of ERP System Implementation (Elragal Haddara, 2012). Vendor involvement ERP vendors create software for particular business enterprise. It mainly sells software to the potential client (Alaskari et al., 2013). Vendor as well as representatives involves in installation, and providing initial training and initial bugs at the same time. Critical factors important for ongoing analysis of the usage in enterprise network architecture and recommended improvements It is recommended that organizations exploring ERP implementation take into account on key success factors as well as ways in achieving greater success in the upcoming year. These factors come under common areas for ERP implementation for addressing the main ongoing enterprise network architecture for future analysis purpose (Clegg Wan, 2013). It requires planning business requirements like data management as well as social media and business intelligence. Vendor frequently involve in taking care of implementing customizations of designs by the ERP consultant. Project team should have healthy working relationship with other consultants. It should create competency center in case of supporting needs by subject matter expertise (Bokovec et al., 2015). Conclusion At the end of the study, it is concluded that ERP system should understand the business requirements and plan for future analysis purpose. ERP should satisfy some of the business requirement as needed. It requires using proven implementation methodologies as well as tools for the project. It empowers team for making final decisions in the most appropriate way. One of the major fallacies with ERP implementation includes organization for understanding the success drivers as well as preparatory recommendations for supporting it. Reference List Alaskari, O., Ahmad, M. M., Dhafr, N., Pinedo-Cuenca, R. (2013). Critical successful factors (CSFs) for successful implementation of lean tools and ERP systems. Bokovec, K., Damij, T., Rajkovi , T. (2015). Evaluating ERP Projects with multi-attribute decision support systems. Computers in Industry, 73, 93-104. Clegg, B., Wan, Y. (2013). Managing enterprises and ERP systems: a contingency model for the enterprization of operations. International Journal of Operations Production Management, 33(11/12), 1458-1489. Elragal, A., Haddara, M. (2012). The Future of ERP Systems: look backward before moving forward. Procedia Technology, 5, 21-30. Galy, E., Sauceda, M. J. (2014). Post-implementation practices of ERP systems and their relationship to financial performance. Information Management, 51(3), 310-319. Ha, Y. M., Ahn, H. J. (2014). Factors affecting the performance of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems in the post-implementation stage. Behaviour Information Technology, 33(10), 1065-1081. Herzig, P., Strahringer, S., Ameling, M. (2012). Gamification of ERP systems-Exploring gamification effects on user acceptance constructs. In Multikonferenz Wirtschaftsinformatik (pp. 793-804). Braunschweig: GITO. Lu, X., Nagelkerke, M., van de Wiel, D., Fahland, D. (2015). Discovering interacting artifacts from ERP systems (extended version). May, J., Dhillon, G., Caldeira, M. (2013). Defining value-based objectives for ERP systems planning. Decision Support Systems, 55(1), 98-109. Meyr, H., Wagner, M., Rohde, J. (2015). Structure of advanced planning systems. In Supply chain management and advanced planning (pp. 99-106). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Mittelstdt, V., Brauner, P., Blum, M., Ziefle, M. (2015). On the Visual Design of ERP Systems TheRole of Information Complexity, Presentation and Human Factors. Procedia Manufacturing, 3, 448-455. Mller, H., Turowski, K. (2015, January). Big Data on Performance Logs-A Collaborative Monitoring Cloud for ERP Systems. In Proceedings on the International Conference on Internet Computing (ICOMP) (p. 75). The Steering Committee of The World Congress in Computer Science, Computer Engineering and Applied Computing (WorldComp). Nettstrter, A., Geien, T., Witthaut, M., Ebel, D., Schoneboom, J. (2015). Logistics Software Systems and Functions: An Overview of ERP, WMS, TMS and SCM Systems. In Cloud Computing for Logistics (pp. 1-11). Springer International Publishing. Poba-Nzaou, P., Uwizeyemungu, S., Raymond, L., Par, G. (2014). Motivations underlying the adoption of ERP systems in healthcare organizations: Insights from online stories. Information Systems Frontiers, 16(4), 591-605. Powell, D. (2013). ERP systems in lean production: new insights from a review of lean and ERP literature. International Journal of Operations Production Management, 33(11/12), 1490-1510. Powell, D., Riezebos, J., Strandhagen, J. O. (2013). Lean production and ERP systems in small-and medium-sized enterprises: ERP support for pull production. International Journal of Production Research, 51(2), 395-409. Ruivo, P., Johansson, B., Oliveira, T., Neto, M. (2013). Commercial ERP systems and user productivity: a study across European SMEs. Procedia Technology, 9, 84-93. Staehr, L., Shanks, G., Seddon, P. B. (2012). An explanatory framework for achieving business benefits from ERP systems. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 13(6), 424. Yen, H. R., Hu, P. J. H., Hsu, S. H. Y., Li, E. Y. (2015). A Multilevel Approach to Examine Employees Loyal Use of ERP Systems in Organizations. Journal of Management Information Systems, 32(4), 144-178. Ziemba, E., Obk, I., Informatyczna, B. S. (2013). Critical success factors for ERP systems implementation in public administration. Interdisciplinary Journal of Information, Knowledge, and Management, 8, 1-19.

Strategy of a Chosen Organisation Essay Sample free essay sample

Evaluate how future alterations in economic. political. legal and societal factors may impact on the scheme of a chosen administration Changes in a figure of different factors can impact the manner in which the concern is run in the hereafter and this could intend that the concern has to look into different ways of undertaking jobs. which would intend they have to calculate what they believe the hereafter is traveling to be like. Tesco as an administration is invariably spread outing because of the sum of people who need to utilize the supermarket and demand to hold easy entree. in order to maintain this traveling the concern has to calculate alterations that will go on in the hereafter so this manner they can look at what kind of deduction the hereafter could hold on the concern and they will be prepared for the deductions of the hereafter and whether it will necessitate to be changed or non. We will write a custom essay sample on Strategy of a Chosen Organisation Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Economic alterations There are a figure of economic alterations that could happen in the economic system which would intend that the concern has to look at the deductions that they would hold in the hereafter. The concern would hold to see looking into what could go on. for illustration there could be another economic crisis which would intend the economic system would travel into recession. if the economic system goes into recession so rising prices would increase and for the concern it would intend that they would hold to set their monetary values up and by increasing monetary values it would intend they would lose usage because the clients won’t be able to afford the monetary values of the merchandises because of the increased monetary values due to the higher rising prices rate. A recession could besides intend the concern won’t be doing as much net income and if the concern isn’t devising as much net income so the concern needs to look into possible schemes where they could incr ease the sum of money they are doing. but besides if they are losing money that means the concern isn’t able to turn and will get down to saturate and worsen because more and more shops will shut down. if this happens so the concern will slowly lose usage and won’t be able to maintain up the repute of the concern. as the concern easy falls it could finally fall into settlement which will intend that the concern has to sell off all their assets until their debts have been paid. Political A ; Legal Changes There are a figure of political A ; legal alterations that could happen in the concern and some of these could potentially intend the addition or lessening in the usage that the concern receives. and it besides shows that the concern that the two alterations are linked and how to undertake the possible alterations that are made. A political alteration would be the alteration in the authorities who are running the state. for Tesco this doesn’t have a large impact nevertheless the alterations in the authorities could subsequently hold an impact because it would intend the concern would hold to look at the new authorities statute laws and do certain the company applies to each one. Due to political alteration it would/could lead to legal alterations every bit good. for illustration a recent alteration is the ‘challenge25’ jurisprudence that has been put in topographic point by the current authorities and this would associate to tesco as they have to look at the current ‘Under 21? ’ jurisprudence and so look into how they could implicate the alterations in the concern as they might non hold anticipated this alteration which would intend they have to believe of how to implicate and alter it in all of their shops and this would so intend the concern holding to look at the potency for the concern to believe of a scheme which would pass on this to all of the employees and all of the shops. A future alteration legal alteration that could be made is a alteration in the Health and safety statute laws. they could do a important alteration which would intend the concern needs to look into what they would necessitate to make to follow with the we llness and safety alterations with the alterations in wellness and safety they would so hold to do the alterations in each of the shops if the alterations in each shop are made suitably so the concern won’t have to be scrutinised for non doing the necessary alterations. Technological alterations The technological alterations in the concern will depend up on the development of the scheme in the concern and the manner engineering develops in the coming old ages. One technological development that could e made is that all shopping could be turned into on-line shopping even food market shopping. even though online shopping has already come apparent in this economic system it could distribute wider intending more stores near down because of the replacing of online shopping and the stock will merely be kept in the right conditions in the warehouse this will alter the manner that people stores and the enterprise will go shopping in ‘one click’ even though this will increase the sum of gross revenues for Tesco and the stakeholders would take more of an involvement as the figure of portions in the concern would increase. However the downside of this is more people who work in the shops would lose their occupations as a consequence of online shopping and this deduction ca n hold an consequence on economic system because rates of unemployment would increase due to the figure of people who have lost their occupations. Decision To reason tesco would hold to look at all of these factors in order to expect the hereafter of their concern the chief ground the concern has to calculate the hereafter is so they are prepared for anything that could go on and this could intend that the concern is more prepared than their rivals and could give them a healthier lead on there rivals.

Free Essays on Worldcom Ethics

The recent scandal at WorldCom is only one of many prominent examples of a fundamental lack of ethics amongst the corporate environment. Subsequently, the internal ethical values of all business entities are now the locus of stakeholder concerns. The core interests of the operation - such as product development, increasing sales revenue, and attracting stakeholders are no longer the dominant consideration in decision making; ethical interests are increasingly important as aspects of the organizational structure. However, this new development has only come about after the revelations of major accounting fraud in companies such as WorldCom. Good ethical values consist of honesty, trust, and fairness, in addition to compliance with legal standards. In retrospect, these are the major values that seem to have been lacking in the accounting division of WorldCom. The major ethical dilemma in the WorldCom scandal is an overall lack of fairness to stakeholders, which includes stockholders, customers, suppliers and employees. It is impossible to determine the extent of the impact of accounting fraud on each of these segments. Though it is also impossible to diminish the affects the scandal has had on any one of these groups of stakeholders, it is arguable that the stockholders were most affected by the scandal at WorldCom. Following the disclosure of accounting fraud, WorldCom stock values fell by over seventy-five percent. This loss of monetary value is easily identified and measured, and the financial losses of stockholders are undeniable. In addition, suppliers have recently found themselves with much less revenue than anticipated prior to the fall-out. This has certainly made it difficult for suppliers to match budgeted numbers and, thus, keep their own stakeholders happy. However, the ramifications of this scandal are much more widespread t han financial numbers can affirm. The intangible losses caused by this scandal are unimaginable... Free Essays on Worldcom Ethics Free Essays on Worldcom Ethics The recent scandal at WorldCom is only one of many prominent examples of a fundamental lack of ethics amongst the corporate environment. Subsequently, the internal ethical values of all business entities are now the locus of stakeholder concerns. The core interests of the operation - such as product development, increasing sales revenue, and attracting stakeholders are no longer the dominant consideration in decision making; ethical interests are increasingly important as aspects of the organizational structure. However, this new development has only come about after the revelations of major accounting fraud in companies such as WorldCom. Good ethical values consist of honesty, trust, and fairness, in addition to compliance with legal standards. In retrospect, these are the major values that seem to have been lacking in the accounting division of WorldCom. The major ethical dilemma in the WorldCom scandal is an overall lack of fairness to stakeholders, which includes stockholders, customers, suppliers and employees. It is impossible to determine the extent of the impact of accounting fraud on each of these segments. Though it is also impossible to diminish the affects the scandal has had on any one of these groups of stakeholders, it is arguable that the stockholders were most affected by the scandal at WorldCom. Following the disclosure of accounting fraud, WorldCom stock values fell by over seventy-five percent. This loss of monetary value is easily identified and measured, and the financial losses of stockholders are undeniable. In addition, suppliers have recently found themselves with much less revenue than anticipated prior to the fall-out. This has certainly made it difficult for suppliers to match budgeted numbers and, thus, keep their own stakeholders happy. However, the ramifications of this scandal are much more widespread t han financial numbers can affirm. The intangible losses caused by this scandal are unimaginable...

Write a well-developed response to the following Essay

Write a well-developed response to the following - Essay Example This is the reason why, when Confucianism was to syncretize Judaism, it would not be as easy compared to syncretizing other religions. Judaism believes that there is only one God, the creator of all things, humans and animals and that He is above all his creations, able to deicide on what to do with them according to his personality, that is, Provider, Healer, Righteous Judge, Sanctuary and many more. They strongly believe in a God who is able to do impossible things like the seemingly mythological events in the Jewish Bible. They recognize their being chosen as a people to enjoy the protection and power of God. They believe that the patriarch Abraham was appointed to sire a son who would become a great nation, Israel. During his old age, the promised son, Isaac was born but God gave him a great test that endangered the life of his son. Nevertheless, Abraham obeyed God by faith and he was rewarded with the life of Isaac being spared. Israelites admire and look up to Abraham for the example of faith that he has shown, but they do not worship him because they understand that Abraham is but a man like them. On the oth er hand, Confucianism worships Confucius, the founder of the religion, a mere man like his followers, a despicable act in the eyes of Judaism. One of the strong characteristics of Judaism is monotheism. They worship only one God, the Creator of heaven and earth not like other religions which believe in a higher power but still worship men who walked this earth. Such strong belief is strengthened by the face to face interaction of the Jewish forefather, Moses who brought the Israelites out of bondage from Egypt to the wilderness where they stayed for forty years before going to the Promised Land, Israel. God gave his commandments to the Israelites through Moses and on top of the list is the avoidance of worshipping other gods like the sun,

Religious Opposition To Modern States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Religious Opposition To Modern States - Essay Example Several deadly terrorist attacks by radical Islamic fundamentalists have targeted American citizens and interests. But the hatred reached a new intensity with the Sept. 11 attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, killing nearly 5,000 people and demolishing global symbols of American economic might. Now, even as the United States and its allies seek to destroy Osama bin Laden's terrorist network, critics are questioning America's sensitivity to the concerns of the Islamic world and beyond. In his article, Juergensmeyer continued to cite about how politics have come to become inclined to subsume religious issues:Insofar as the US public and its leaders embraced the image of war following the September 11 attacks, the US view of the war was also prone to religionization. "God Bless America" became the country's unofficial national anthem. US President George Bush spoke of defending America's "righteous cause" and of the "absolute evil" of its enemies. However, the US military engagement in the months following September 11 was primarily a secular commitment to a definable goal and largely restricted to objectives in which civil liberties and moral rules of engagement still applied.   In purely religious battles waged in divine time and with heavenly rewards, there is no need to compromise goals. There is also no need to contend with society's laws and limitations when one is obeying a higher authority. In spiritualizing violence, religion gives the act of violence remarkable power.

Quantitative Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Quantitative Analysis - Research Paper Example It consists of three parts (Anderson, Sweeney, Williams, Camm, Cochran, Fry, and Ohlmann, 2010): Arrival or input to the system Waiting line The service facility An operations manager must make a trade of between the cost of providing good service and the cost of customer wait time or machine time. The most preferable arrangement for a manager would be that the queues are short enough that they do not annoy a customer. However, an operations manager would tolerate some waiting time if it leads to a significant savings in service costs. An operations manager can evaluate a service facility by looking at the total expected cost. The total cost is the sum of expected service cost plus expected waiting cost. A service cost will increase as the firm tries to increase the level of its services. Managers can have standby personnel who can be assigned to a service station to short the length of the queue. Waiting cost is a reflection of the workers lost productivity and the cost of losing a customer as a result of poor service or long queue. In some service systems this cost of waiting line can be intolerably high. The fundamental advantage of using a waiting line model is that it helps a manager to find out discrepancies in service systems and take measures to eradicate them. Thereby, making the service system efficient and customers satisfied. Example: MacDonald’s can make use of the knowledge from this theory. The service system of MacDonald’s consists of customer queues and billing counters. The floor manager needs to decide the number of billing counters it would keep open at a given time. He needs to forecast the customer arrival rate at a given time and match it with the number of open billing counters. In this way he would ensure that optimal counters are functioning to service customers. The aim behind this initiative is to minimize service time and customer waiting time. Mathematical Example: Current waiting cost/service= (1/4 min waiting) ($60/ min) =$15/service New System: ?= 8 customers/min arriving ?= 12 customers/min served Av waiting time in queue=Wq= ?/2? (?-?) =8/2(12) (12-8) =1/12min Waiting cost/trip= (1/12 min wait) ($60/min cost) =$5/trip Savings with more counters=$15(current system)-$5(new system) =$10/trip Cost of more counters=$3/trip Net Saving=$7/trip Constant Service-Time Model: Service systems having constant rather than exponential service time distribution are called Constant Service-Time Model. When customers or equipment are processed according to a fixed cycle, constant service times are suitable. Since the constant rates are fixed, therefore the values of Lq, Wq, Ls and Ws would be always less than single channel model (Anderson et al., 2010). Simulation: Simulation is the attempt to duplicate the features, appearance and characteristics of a real system. This method helps a manager to define the operating characteristics of a system; thereby putting him in a better position to draw conclusions and make decisions based on the simulated models (Anderson et al., 2010). Benefits of Simulation: There are multiple reasons why this tool has become the most widely accepted tool by managers. Amongst these reasons are following: The tool is flexible and easy to use. It can be used to analyze complex real world situations. Time compression, meaning that the effects of operations policies during a particular time period can be obtained in a short time.

Gain Enhancement of Multiband Microstrip Radiating Structure

Gain Enhancement of Multiband Microstrip Radiating Structure Gain Enhancement of Multiband Microstrip Radiating Structure using Curve Tooth CSRR with Two Different Substrate Material Muktesh P. Shah1, Shobhit K. Patel2, Mayank A. Ardeshana3, Jigar M. Patel4 Abstract—In this paper Microstrip radiating structure with Complementary Split Ring Resonator (CSRR) using Curve Tooth with two different substrate material for Multiband applications in S band and C band is designed and analyzed. We have introduced Curve Tooth in CSRR to improve Gain in comparison with simple CSRR based design. Also, The same design with two different substrate material like FR4 and Teflon is compared and analyzed. Here, Patch of dimension 44Ãâ€"44mm2 is analyzed. The FR4 based design of Curve Tooth in CSRR has five working bands centered around 1580 MHz, 3180 MHz, 3600 MHz, 4580 MHz, 7190 MHz and Simple CSRR Design has three working bands with center frequency 1560 MHz, 3150 MHz and 3540MHz. The Teflon based design of Curve Tooth in CSRR has five working bands centered around 2250 MHz, 4560 MHz, 5150 MHz, 6540 MHz, 8310 MHz and Simple CSRR Design has four working bands with center frequency 2213 MHz, 4508 MHz, 5050MHz and 6395 MHz. Design results of VSWR, R eturn loss S11 and Total Gain of all four design is shown and compared in this paper. Also, Design results shows improvement in Gain in Curve Tooth CSRR design. The dimensions of substrate height is 1.57 mm, Patch and Ground height is 0.035 mm which are similar to actual Antenna dimensions. Design results are obtained by a HFSS 13 (High Frequency Structure Simulator) which is mostly used for simulating microwave passive components. Index Terms— Curve Tooth, CSRR (Complementary Split Ring Resonator), Substrate Materials, Multiband, Microstrip. I. Introduction Nowadays, Multiband antenna is a popular choice because same antenna can be used for many applications [12][15][17][18][19]. Microstrip patch antennas are widely used because of their many merits, such as the low volume, light weight, low cost etc. [1-8] However, Patch antennas have a main disadvantage: narrow bandwidth while others are low gain, low power handling capacity etc. [1-8] Still there is a need to design Multiband antenna with improvement in Gain. Metamaterial may solve this need. In Recent Scenario, Microstrip patch antennas are widely used in wireless devices and other compact sizes with multiband antenna operation. The irregular shape of the developed planar antenna achieves multi-band (Broadband) performance [11]. In traditional planar antennas, the distances between the edges are fixed and therefore, the antennas dominant mode resonates only at a single frequency [11]. In contrast, the irregular shape of the current antenna facilitates, its broadband character by allowing the structure to have more than one degenerate mode that resonate at more than one frequency, based on the irregularity introduced [11]. In general, multi-sided patches are excellent candidates for broadband operation, since many closely spaced resonant modes can be excited using the different edges of the patches [11]. This property makes them uniquely suited for multi-band operation in wireless applications. There has been a considerable amount of recent interest in the class of artificial material which is known as Metamaterials that possess simultaneously negative permeability and permittivity, according to a negative index of refraction [1][2]. Such type of metamaterial is known as a double negative material (DNG). To increase the power radiated from electrically small antennas, an application of DNGs has been suggested by Ziolkowski and Kipple [3]. But in this paper a negative permittivity material complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) which is a dual counterpart of split ring resonator (SRR) originally proposed by Pendry have been loaded into the patch. CSRR is composed of two concentric metallic ring slots with slits etched in each ring at its opposite sides. Apart from double negative materials, single negative materials where only one of the material parameters has a negative real value also possess interesting properties and can be used to produce novel devices. In particula r the complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) which establishes a negative-permittivity at resonance, is an example of a single negative media (SNG) that can be used to make microwave devices [4]-[6]. Here, we have incorporated curve tooth CSRR to further improve the results of CSRR. The properties of SNG can also be manipulated to increase filter shape factor, improve filter rejection and can also applied to antennas to reduce the spurious effect and increase antenna gain and antenna size reduction [7][9][16][17]. This paper is based on the microstrip radiating structure which integrates a Curve Tooth CSRR design into the ground to provide good return loss and improved gain. The CSRR is a commonly used resonator etched on the Metal plane. An effective negative permittivity and negative permeability could be introduced in microstrip devices by loading CSRR [17][18]. In this article, we have etched the CSRR in the ground plane of a microstrip patch underneath the substrate. The CSRR structure model is shown in Figure 1. If the effects of the metal thickness and losses, as well as those of the dielectric substrate are ignored, a perfectly dual behavior is expected for the complementary screen of the SRR. Thus, whereas the SRR can be mainly considered as a resonant magnetic dipole that can be excited by an axial magnetic field, the CSRR (Fig. 1) in essence behaves as an electric dipole (with the same frequency of resonance) that can be excited by an axial electric field. Fig. 1 shows the unit cell structure of SRR model and CSRR model with its equivalent electrical circuit. Fig. 1 (a) SRR unit cell, (b) Equivalent electric circuit of SRR unit cell, (c) CSRR unit cell, and (d) equivalent electric circuit of CSRR unit cell. [15] II. Design and Simulation In this section, we will introduce the design of our antenna. First the conventional patch length and width is designed. After designing the patch, we have taken out five slots from the patch to improve the radiation path. Basic length and width is designed with the use of following equations [5]. Width of the patch can be designed using the equation (1), here f0 is the resonance frequency, ÃŽ µr is relative permittivity of the dielectric substrate and c is speed of light. Length of the patch can be designed by using the equations (2-5) [5]. Here‘t’ is the thickness of substrate. Using these equations we have derived length and width of conventional patch. We designed square patch so length and width are same and it is 44 mm, so a square patch is 44Ãâ€"44 mm2 over here which is shown in Figure 2 (a). We have taken out five slots from the patch to increase the Radiation path and to improve the results as shown in figure. The slots taken out have dimension of 8Ãâ€"8 mm2. A. Design 1 The top view of the Simple CSRR design and Curve tooth with CSRR Design is shown in Figure 2 (a) and 2 (b) respectively. Both the design has outer and inner ring is of 1 mm. Gap between the two rings is 1.5 mm. Table: 1 Material used for Design1 Design 1 Material Patch Copper Substrate Teflon with ÃŽ µ = 2.1 Table 1 shows details about the material. Patch is of copper material. Substrate is of Teflon material with ÃŽ µ = 2.1. The base material is also of copper. Fig. 2 (a) HFSS Model of Simple CSRR Design Fig.2 (b) HFSS Model of Curve Tooth CSRR Design For simulation we used HFSS 13 (High Frequency Structure Simulator) of Ansoft, which is very good simulator for simulating microwave passive components specially RF antenna. Figure 3 (a) and 3 (b) shows the Return Loss (S11) in dB for both the designs. The minimum return loss which we are getting for Simple CSRR design is -31 dB for the band centered around 4.508 GHz and for Curve Tooth CSRR design, it is -37 dB for the band centered around 4.56 GHz. Figure 4 (a) and 4 (b) shows the VSWR plot for both the designs. Fig. 3 (a) Return Loss (S11) plot of Simple CSRR Design Fig. 3 (b) Return Loss (S11) plot of Curve Tooth CSRR Design Fig. 4 (a) VSWR plot of Simple CSRR Design Fig. 4 (b) VSWR plot of Curve Tooth CSRR Design B. Design 2 Here, We have used same design but only substrate material is changed. In this Design we have used FR4 epoxy material for substrate. Table: 2 Material used for Design1 Design 1 Material Patch Copper Substrate FR4 epoxy with ÃŽ µ=4.4 Fig. 5 (a) Return Loss (S11) plot of Simple CSRR Design Fig. 5 (b) Return Loss (S11) plot of Curve Tooth CSRR Design Fig. 6 (a) VSWR plot of Simple CSRR Design Fig. 6 (b) VSWR plot of Curve Tooth CSRR Design Figure 5(a) and 5(b) shows Return loss plot of both CSRR and Curve Tooth CSRR design. Figure 6(a) and 6(b) shows VSWR plot for both the design. III. Comparative Analysis A. Design 1 In this design, we used Teflon as a substrate material in which Curve Tooth design has five working bands while Simple CSRR design has four working bands. Table 3 shows comparison of Return loss and VSWR of the both the design. Table 3 : Comparison of S11 and VSWR for both design Band Design Frequency in GHz Minimum Return Loss (S11) in dB VSWR First CSRR 2.213 -18.8 1.2601 Curve tooth CSRR 2.25 -17 1.331 Second CSRR 4.508 -31 1.0549 Curve tooth CSRR 4.56 -37.6 1.0268 Third CSRR 5.05 -15 1.4183 Curve tooth CSRR 5.15 -14.8 1.4434 Fourth CSRR 6.395 -27.7 1.0862 Curve tooth CSRR 6.54 -24.7 1.1243 Fifth CSRR Curve tooth CSRR 8.31 -12 1.6624 By using curve tooth in CSRR, we have an extra working band and also return loss and VSWR values are very good. We got VSWR of 1.0268 using curve tooth which is nearer to 1. Figure 7(a) and 7(b) shows Total Gain plot in 3D view for CSRR and Curve tooth CSRR design respectively. Fig.7 (a) Total Gain plot in 3D view for simple CSRR design Fig.7 (b) Total Gain plot in 3D view for Curve Tooth CSRR design Simple CSRR design has Total Gain of 2.6609 dB while Curve Tooth CSRR design has Total Gain of 2.9264dB. So using Curve tooth in CSRR we have improved gain. B. Design 2 In this design, we used FR4 epoxy as a substrate material in which Curve Tooth design has five working bands while Simple CSRR design has four working bands. Table 3 shows comparison of Return loss and VSWR of the both the design. By using curve tooth in CSRR, we have two extra working bands and also return loss and VSWR values are very good. We got VSWR of 1.0931 using curve tooth which is nearer to 1. Figure 8(a) and 8(b) shows Total Gain plot in 3D view for CSRR and Curve tooth CSRR design respectively. Simple CSRR design has Total Gain of -0.2895 dB while Curve Tooth CSRR design has Total Gain of 3.0368dB. So using Curve tooth in CSRR we have sufficiently increased the gain. Band Design Frequency in GHz Minimum Return Loss (S11) in dB VSWR First CSRR 1.56 -23.6 1.1407 Curve tooth CSRR 1.58 -27 1.0931 Second CSRR 3.15 -18 1.2780 Curve tooth CSRR 3.18 -19 1.2429 Third CSRR 3.54 -25 1.1197 Curve tooth CSRR 3.60 -24 1.1318 Fourth CSRR Curve tooth CSRR 4.58 -13.9 1.5070 Fifth CSRR Curve tooth CSRR 7.19 -17 1.3172 Table 4 : Comparison of S11 and VSWR for both design Fig.8 (a) Total Gain plot in 3D view for simple CSRR design Fig.8 (b) Total Gain plot in 3D view for Curve Tooth CSRR design IV. Conclusion Here Microstrip patch antenna is designed for multiband applications using five rectangular square slots in the Patch and CSRR in ground. Curve Tooth is also implemented in CSRR to improve the results. Two designs with different substrate material is designed and analyzed. This antenna is compared with simple CSRR design. The result of Design 1 which has Teflon substrate, indicates the five working bands for Curve Tooth CSRR design, 2.25 GHz, 4.56 GHz, 5.15 GHz, 6.54 GHz and 8.31 GHz so the antenna can used for S and C Band Applications while Simple CSRR has four working bands. VSWR is very good for 4.56 GHz frequency which is 1.0268 near to 1. Also, Gain has been improved with Curve Tooth CSRR which is 2.9264 dB compare to Simple CSRR design which has gain of 2.6609 dB. Design 2 which has FR4 substrate, provides five working bands for Curve Tooth CSRR while CSRR design has three working bands. Also, Gain for Curve Tooth CSRR has 3.0368 dB compare to -0.2895 dB for simple CSRR design . So, by using Curve Tooth in CSRR improves results. Also, Dimensions of all Designs are similar to Actual Antenna so when we fabricate the antenna, we will get similar results. References V.G. Vesalago, â€Å"The Electrodynamics of Substances with Simultaneously Negative Values of Permittivity and Permeability†, Sov. Phys. USPEKHI, pp. 509-514, 1968. D.R. Smith, W.J. Padilla, D.C. Vier, S.C. Nemat-Nasser, and S. Schultz, â€Å"Composite Medium with Simultaneously Negative Permeability and Permittivity†, Phys. Rev. Lett., 84, No. 10, pp. 4184-4187, 2000. R.W. Ziolkowski and A.D. Kipple, â€Å"Application of Double Negative Materials to Increase the Power Radiated by Electrically Small Antennas†, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 51, No. 10, pp. 2626-2640, October 2003. F. Falcone, T. Lopetegi, J.D. Baena, R. Marques, F. Martin, and M. Sorolla, â€Å"Negative- E Stop-Band Microstrip Lines Based on Complementary Split-Ring Resonators†, IEEE Microw. Wireless Compon. Lett, 14, No. 6, pp. 280-282, Jun. 2004. J. D. Baena, J. Bonache, F. Martin, R. Marques, F. Falcone, et.al., â€Å"Equivalent-Circuit Models for Split Ring Resonators Coupled to Planar Transmission Lines, â€Å"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech, 53, No. 4, pp. 1451-1461, Apr. 2005. J. Garcia-Garcia, , F. Martin, F. Falcone, J. Bonache, J.D. Beano, et.al, â€Å"Microwave Filters with Improved Stop Band Based on Sub Wavelength Resonators† IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech, 53, No. 6, pp. 1997-2006, June. 2005. J.J. Max, Y. Cao and T. Liu, â€Å"Design the Size Reduction Patch Antenna Based on Complementary Split Ring Resonator, â€Å"ICMMT 2010 proceedings. Hui Zhang, You-Quan Li, Xi Chen, Yun-Qi Fu, and Nai-Chang Yuan, â€Å" Design of Circular Polarization Microstrip Patch Antenna using Complementary Split Ring Resonator†, 978-1-4244-2609-6, IEEE 2008. D. Laila, R. Sujith, V. Deepu, C.K., Vasudevan Aanandan and P. Mohanan, â€Å"Compact Csrr Based Patch Antenna for Wireless Applications†, 978-1-4244-4819-7, IEEE 2009. N. Ortiz, F. Falcone, M. Sorolla, â€Å"Dual Band Patch Antenna Based on Complementary Split Ring Resonator†, 978-1-4244-2802-1, IEEE 2009. Zygmond Turski, Aly E. Fathy, David McGee, Gary Ayers, and Sridhar Kanamaluru, â€Å"Compact Multi-Band Planar Antenna for Mobile Wireless Terminals,† IEEE, 2001. M.P.Shah, S. K. Patel, M.A.Ardeshana, J.M. Patel, â€Å"Design of Multiband microstrip Radiating Structure for C band Applications,† IJARCCE, Vol.2, Issue.12, Dec 2013, pp. 4560-4563. S. K. Patel, J. Bhalani, Y.P. Kosta, S.S. Patel, â€Å"Design of microstrip meandered patch antenna for mobile communication,† Proceedings of International conference on Advances in Information Technology and Mobile Communication (AIM 2011), Springer, 2011, pp. 184–189. S.K. Patel and Y.P. Kosta, â€Å"E-shape microstrip patch antenna design for GPS application,† Proceeding of Nirma University International conference on Engineering (NUiCONE 2011). IEEE, 2011, p. 1-4. S.K. Patel and Y.P. Kosta, â€Å"Meandered multiband metamaterial square microstrip patch antenna design,† Waves in Random and Complex Media, in press, 2012(DOI: 10.1080/ 17455030.2012.723837). S.K. Patel and Y.P. Kosta, â€Å"Size reduction in Microstrip based radiating structure with artificial substrate,† International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, in press, 2012. S.K. Patel and Y P Kosta, â€Å"Investigation on radiation improvement of corner truncated triband square microstrip patch antenna with double negative material,† Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, 2013, Vol. 27, No. 7, 819–833. S.K. Patel and Y P Kosta, â€Å"Triband microstrip–based radiating structure design using Split ring resonator and complementary split ring resonator,† Microwave And Optical Technology Letters / Vol. 55, No. 9, September 2013, Wiley periodicals. J. M. Patel, S. K. Patel and F. N. Thakkar, â€Å"Defected Ground Structure Multiband Microstrip Patch Antenna using Complementary Split Ring Resonator,† IJETEE, Vol. 3, Issue. 2, May 2013. S.K. Patel and Y.P. Kosta, â€Å"Design of Truncated microstrip radiating structure loaded by SRR,† International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, in press, 2012. S.K. Patel and Y.P. Kosta, â€Å"Dual band parasitic metamaterial square microstrip patch antenna design,† International Journal of Ultra Wideband Communications Systems 2, no. 4, pp. 225-232 2012. J. M. Patel, S. K. Patel and F. N. Thakkar, â€Å"Comparative analysis of S-shaped Multiband Microstrip patch antenna,† IJAREEIE, Vol. 2, Issue. 7, July 2013. J. M. Patel, S. K. Patel and F. N. Thakkar, â€Å"Design of S-shaped Multiband microstrip patch antenna,† NUiCONE, IEEE, 2012.

Longitudes and Attitudes, by Thomas Friedman :: September 11th Essays

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Longitudes and Attitudes†, written by Thomas Friedman, is a collection of columns, broken by September 11th’s great catastrophe and including material from his diary. The book displays his outstanding strengths as a commentator along with a few weaknesses.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Longitudes and Attitudes† is a collection of his more recent columns and a diary of supporting incidents. It relates to the theme that has consumed him in his career. This theme is given point by Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the attack of 9/11.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, Tom Friedman went to work as a journalist in Beirut, Lebanon soon after securing a masters degree from Oxford University in Middle Eastern Studies. Employed by United Press International in 1978, he soon transferred to the New York Times and covered the Syrian destruction of that country’s own town of Hama, the Israeli Lebanese invasion, the massacre of Palestinians in refugee camps, the evacuation of the Palestinian Liberation Organization, etc. In 1995, he became the foreign affairs columnist for the New York Times with carte blanche--unlimited travel budget and no supervision as to content. He has written two books and collected three Pulitzer Prizes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In his current job, Friedman writes a 740-word column twice a week. It appears in many of the world’s newspapers and on the Web. This latest book, Longitudes and Attitudes, is a compendium of his more recent columns and a diary of supporting incidents. The text relates to the theme that has consumed him in his career: the failure of the Arab nation to develop, democratize, and compete properly with the West. This theme is given point by the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the attack of 9/11.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Friedman’s ideas are presented primarily through many columns that he had written for he New York Times. Their datelines stretch from December 15, 2000 to April 20, 2003 and from Jerusalem, Israel to Peshawar, Pakistan.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In this book, Friedman presents a coherent picture of forces in the Middle East that have led to the Israeli- Palestinian confrontation and to bin Laden and his group of terrorists. Friedman’s articles describe meetings, discussions, and arguments he had with people at all levels of society through out the Middle East. From his extensive travels and through dynamic interactions with the people he derived intense insights into how 9/11 came about, why, and what should be done about it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  His arguments and conclusions are well thought through, so much that they draw opponents to reason with him.

Comparing the Republic to the Modern Society Essay

The relevance of The Republic to our modern society In Plato’s The Republic, Plato illustrates what his ideal city would look like. He describes the educational systems, ideal legislators and the purposes of democracy. The republic influenced many people to understand the purpose for democracy, and it led to new philosophical schools of thought. Although this work was written hundreds of years ago, it still affects our modern world today. One of the most important things that Plato stresses is the importance of education. Without education of the masses, democracy would cease to exist. When Plato was forming his ideal society, he stressed the importance of education for several reasons. Most importantly, educating citizens led to a peaceful, well-run republic. For Plato, education was not about information intake and data storage. Rather, education was drawing out the knowledge that was already in the student. He said that â€Å"the power and capacity of learning exists in the soul already† He gives an allegory of prisoners in a cave, who have never seen light before. They become free, come out of the cave and see the light. They understand that the shadows are just reflections of real things; they are not the real things themselves. They ascend up to a mountain and see the world for what it really is. Plato uses this story to illustrate what education does for the human soul. We are all born in a dark cave, chained to a wall and cannot see the light. We still around all day looking at shadows, which appear to be so real to us. Education breaks the chains of ignorance. We can ascend to the top of the mountain and look out onto the beautiful world. According to Plato, after the prisoners’ ascend all the way to the top of the mountain, â€Å"they must be made to descend again among the prisoners’ in the den and partake in labors and honors, whether worth having or not. † Plato notes that once a person is educated and has received knowledge and truth, they should go back and teach those who do not know. This still relevant today because we need to not be so focused on how high we climb up the ladder, but we need to be concerned with how we help others achieve their goals. This allegory is also used to describe justice. The prisoners’ in the cave do not know what real justice looks like. The people on the mountain tops must come down and give understanding to those who are lacking it. Plato goes on to describe the type of leader that would be perfect to run the ideal city. The type of leader that Plato describes is someone who is â€Å"wisest about the affairs of the state, and by whom the state is best administered and who at the same time have other honors and a better life then that of politics. â€Å" The ideal leader in Plato’s time is not much different from the ideal leader in our time period. We still want someone who knows and understands the problems of the state or country, who will be a good leader, and will be able to put the welfare of his people before his own. These characteristics are still what many people look for in a dependable leader. Plato describes that a good leader should not be caught up in their own wealth, they should care about their people. This is a very foundational idea that is still important in America today. We desire to have a leader who will be humble and care for us, instead of one that has a hidden agenda. According to Plato, economic self-interest and political power must be kept separate and not be allowed to work in combination to the disadvantage of the state. In mapping out his utopian society, Plato stresses the importance of democracy. In a short piece called democracy considered, Plato talks about how oligarchies decay into democracies and democracies decay into tyranny. Tyranny is formed from pursing one’s pleasures and appetites. Plato claims that â€Å"a man who is deranged and not right in his mind will fancy that he is able to rule, not only over men, but also over gods â€Å"He describes here that a man can not be a leader if he is deranged and thinks that he is the center of the universe. Plato then shows how democracy and tyranny differ. In describing the differences, Glacon says â€Å"They are the opposite extremes for one is the very best and the other is the very worst. † The republic shows many similarities to today’s society. We still have many of the same ideals in education and in government. This piece of work was criticized at the time it was written by is now honored and very influential. It was one of the first writings that began western thinking and formed many new beliefs that influenced the renaissance.

Final Examination and Turkish Economy Essays

Final Examination and Turkish Economy Essays Final Examination and Turkish Economy Essay Final Examination and Turkish Economy Essay ATD457-1 Turkish Industry Fall 2013 Instructor Lecture Hours Classroom Contact : Prof. Dr. Mehmet Hseyin Bilgin : Thursday: og:oo-11 : 309 : [emailprotected] com Main Books: Undersecretariat of Treasury, Turkish Economy, January 2012. Ministry of Industry and Trade, General Assessment of Turkish Industry Sectors 2010, March 2011. Suggested Readings: TsiAD, Turkiye Ekonomtst 2013, December 2012. Ministry of Industry and Trade, Turkish Industrial Strategy Document: 2011-2014 (Towards EIJ Membership), 2010. State Planning Organization, Sector Profiles of Turkish Industry, February 2004. Course Description: This course aims to introduce students to the Turkish economy and provides the students a comprehensive understanding of concepts used in the Turkish economy and industry. The course will give an overview of the industries of the Turkish economy, but the emphasis will be to understand the fundamentals of the Turkish economy and industry. Exams: There will be a midterm exam, a term project, and a final exam. The midterm exam will consist of multiple-choice questions and short answers/definitions, including application problems. It will be held as scheduled and will count toward your final grade (20%). The final exam will consist of multiple choice, short- and long-answer questions, application problems, and figure labeling. It will be comprehensive, covering all required materials through the date of the final exam. It will be held at the end of the semester. The final exam will count for 60% of the final grade. All exams will be closed book and notes. Term Project: You will be assigned a term project to be completed before the end of the term. The erm project topic is The International Competitiveness of the Turkish ABC Industry. : Please choose one industry of your interest and analyze its international email to [emailprotected] com. The deadline for submission is December 27th, 2013. The project will count for 20% of your final grade. Grading/Assessment: The final grade will be determined as follows: Midterm Exam Term Project Final Exam Course Outline: PART l: TURKISH ECONOMY Week 1: Turkish Economy in the World Week 2: Demographic Profile; Growth; Employment; Inflation Week 3: Foreign Trade and Balance of Payments Financial Sector Week 4: Public Finance Debt Management Week 5: Market Indicators Investment Environment Week 6: Social Security Labor Market week 7: Energy sector Week 8: Relationship with the IMF and EIJ THE MIDTERM EXAM PART II: TURKISH INDUSTRY SECTORS Week 9: Turkish Automotive Machinery Sectors Week 10: Turkish Base Metal Sector Week 11: Turkish Electrical Electronical Sector Week 12: Turkish Textile, Apparel, Leather and Leathe Products Sectors Week 13: Turkish Chemical Glass Sectors Week 14: Turkish Cement Furniture Sectors THE COMPREHENSIVE FINAL EXAM

MLK - I have a Dream essays

MLK - I have a Dream essays Martin Luther Kings I Have a Dream delivers a powerful message driven by dreams of brotherhood and equality. The speech not only appeals to the same dreams shared by his listeners but also to their sense of reason and understanding that their goal is to right and undeniable wrong. Through different analogies and historical references, Dr. King is able to create a stirring and emotional speech sure to bring out the best in all who listen to it. King goes to great lengths to draw valid comparisons between the Negros plight and, of all things, banking. By doing this, Dr. King is able to simplify what could be construed as a complex argument into the basic process of cash(ing) a check. However, in the Kings speech, the person giving out the check is America and, much to his and the Negro peoples discontent, the check is being returned for insufficient funds. King believes that once the check can be cashed, the Negro people will be able to demand the riches of freedom and security of justice. King continues to make more analogies when he begins to draw comparisons between freedom and nature. King believes that that black people should rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice. This is an appeal to those not in the fight to rise up and begin demanding justice. No one should have to live their lives in a desolate valley but rather should escape the quicksands of racial injustice and climb the solid rock of brotherhood. King even goes on to describe the racial climate as a sweltering summer which will not pass to autumn until freedom and equality are there for all to share. This can be seen as a warning to the movements opposition that, yes, the Negro people are infuriated and will fight, though peacefully, until justice has rained down acros...

Ad Proposal for Apple 2014 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ad Proposal for Apple 2014 - Essay Example EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The principle intention of the paper is to analyze the present marketing strategy of Apple Inc (Apple) and depict the strengths and weaknesses of the same, which would further be considered for strategizing future campaigns. Contextually, keeping in consideration the strengths and loopholes of advertising in Apple, a proposition has been made to the company, aiming at its launch of an ad campaign in the succeeding year, i.e. 2014. This proposal has been based on the analysis of the past records of the advertising strategies adapted by Apple, which were further assessed from a critical point of view in order to identify its strengths and weaknesses, with respect to the ad campaigns. Observably, the main strength of advertising approach of the company is its simplicity and its ability to ensure emotional connectedness with the targeted customers. However, the company is seen to be somewhat reluctant towards targeting the non-competitive market with the help of its adv ertising, which has remained to be a debatable topic in the recent years. Contextually, a proposal has been made planning the future advertising campaigns of Apple, which has focused on enhancing the appeal of the advertising on the competitive and the non-competitive markets along with insuring maximum innovation of the same keeping the company’s strengths and weaknesses into account. ... It is worth mentioning in this context that Apple has also been focused on applying competitive brand imaging strategies, taking the approach of year-on-year ad campaigns. COMPANY OVERVIEW Being a renowned global Information Communication Technology (ICT) company, Apple is principally engaged with the designing, manufacturing and marketing of innovative ICT products of high quality. The company is famous worldwide as an innovative brand and a pioneer in advancing the quality features of ICT devices to deliver utmost conveniences to the customers. The success of the company worldwide can also be regarded as a byproduct of its effective marketing and product strategy. Notably, the current marketing strategy of the company is based on the notion of simplicity and on the intention of developing a direct connection with the customers. Contrastingly, there are certain loopholes in the marketing section including lack of innovation and targeting non competitive markets that the company stra tegically desires to overcome in its future campaigns (Hoovers, â€Å"Apple Inc. Company Information†). CURRENT MARKETING STRATEGY OF APPLE INC (ADVERTISING) As discussed above, Apple is one of the biggest consumer electronics companies of the world. The success ratio of the company is currently observable at an uprising path, owing to its effective policies and approaches to satisfy the customers. Among the major approaches of the company, it marketing tactics has a pivotal role in its success worldwide. For instance, the company believes that simple marketing campaigns are much better and effective in delivering favorable results. The marketing approach of the company, which works according to the changing market trend, can be stated as its major strength. In all its ad campaigns till

Management Principles and Application for Construction and the Built Essay - 1

Management Principles and Application for Construction and the Built Environment - Essay Example The management of development tasks obliges learning of present day administration and additionally a comprehension of the design and construction process. Construction activities have a particular arrangement of tasks and objectives, for example, an individual timeline for finishing. While the institutional courses of action or methodologies will vary, the management of such activities is much in a similar manner to the principles applied in business management (Horlene & Randy, 2010). Construction show features that are present in a conventional business set up thus control in a similar way, as an enterprise organisation is possible. In most cases, the mission and the arrangement of tasks to be accomplished by the project recognize construction projects from the general rules of organizations. As indicated by the Project Management Institute, the arrangement of tasks and functionalities are dependent on the nature of the project and type of organisation employed. Construction project management is all about coordinating and facilitating human and material assets for the duration of the life of a task by utilizing current administration strategies to attain the planned targets of extension, expense, time, quality and structural requirements (Hablot, 2011). By complexity, the general management of construction works and modern organizations expect a more extensive viewpoint with the more prominent progression of operations. In any case, there are sufficient likenesses and, in addition, contrasts between the two so that present day management procedures created for construction administration may require adjustments to fit the particular task.

Socrates Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Socrates - Research Paper Example To put it in simple words, Protagoras views the principle of morality as a valuable aspect that facilitates social cooperation. On the other hand, Socrates holds a vision about the principle of morality as a matter of an individuals’ interrelation towards his/her own soul which cannot be taught based on certain defined theories or assumptions contradicting Protagoras’ views that a person learns virtue from his early age recently when he/she starts speaking (Plato 5-25). Thesis Statement This study intends to analyze the arguments made by Socrates questioning the dialogues in Protagoras regarding the teachability of virtue and education humans regarding wisdom. Protagoras’ acclamations with reference to the viewpoints of Socrates will also be analyzed in this study to recognize the role of a rational agent, its justness and also its goodness in teaching wisdom to individuals. Proper justification will also be rendered with concern to the agreeability of the thesis , i.e. Protagoras. Explanation of the Argument The sole concern of Protagoras’ acclamations has been to rationalize that virtue and wisdom of human life can be taught. However, this argument has further been countered by Socrates where he questions the reality concerning the teachability aspects of virtues. ... Conversely, Socrates holds a perception that the diverse aspects of virtue are singular as well as indivisible in nature. As per his beliefs concerning the aspects of courage and wisdom are simply dissimilar names for two similar qualities of good life. Apart from arguing regarding diverse aspects of virtue, the determination of the interrelation between knowledge, doing good and pleasure have also been focused in the rudiments of Socrates’ arguments based on Protagoras’ dialogues. In this connection, Socrates proclaimed that pleasure undividable with the concern of good. This can be further rationalized with reference to Socrates’ acclamation that anything which seems to be painful is regarded as evil. This particular proclamation of Socrates signified that it is not possible knowingly to do what is good which apparently contradicts the views of Protagoras stating that individuals can be taught of doing good. Moreover, the proclamation put forward by Socrates al so represented with reference to the fact that it is quite unfeasible to live delightfully while performing any sort of evil activity which again rationalizes a strong connection within the various aspects of virtue as described by Protagoras. Conversely, Protagoras argued that there are several people who are not able to measure the most prominent doing that would bring pleasure to them. Hence, as a consequence, wrong activities are generally caused by ignorance that is not to be considered as a conflict or disagreement between ethical duties and the aspirations for pleasure within an individual. According to Protagoras’ dialogues, there lay the requirement of a specific art or

Interview Essay Essay Example for Free

Interview Essay Essay Anthony Bryant Jr. is a man who is willing to sacrifice his free time in order to chase his goals. He started out watching the p90x infomercial late one night because he had nothing else to do and just wanted to see what it was like. He began to ask around and see if anyone he knew had the program and if it gave the results that were promised. Luckily, he ran into an old friend who had recently lost the motivation to stick with the program, and asked if he could try it out for himself. â€Å"I thought it would be a breeze because its just a simple home workout,† he smirked. Little did he know, he was about to challenge himself harder than ever before. This was only the beginning of his journey to understand what dedication and commitment truly meant. A. J. decided that we should meet at his local gym which he attends daily. I got there a little early and decided to check out the environment. Inside was a sizable room filled with machines and equipment built strictly for strength training, half of which I didnt even know how to use. Out of nowhere, I heard â€Å"hey man whats up† from the front of the gym, I smiled and turned around to see Anthony walking through the door wearing a Grey cutoff shirt that said â€Å"pain is weakness leaving the body† and a pair of light blue basketball shorts. He is a rather tall, lean guy with short, black hair, weighing in at about 205 pounds. We started talking as he laid down on the bench to pump some iron. After the first three or four minutes, I asked if we could go somewhere else to talk because I could hardly hear him over the sound of the weights rattling against each other. He agreed that it was a bit too loud in the gym for an interview; we went outside and sat at a round table and I asked my first question. I began by asking what his typical day was like through the week. He said he starts his day by getting to the gym before the owner at five in the morning to do cardio. After an hour of cardio he goes home to make his first meal of the day, which is always protein pancakes. Then he picks up his backpack and heads off to school for the next 5 hours. As soon as he gets home from school, he hits the books to make sure he gets all of his work done and has nothing to stress about at the gym. When his training partner arrives they eat a quick meal before heading out to the weight room. They get there and start their average two hour workout, depending on the day: Monday – Chest ; biceps, Tuesday – Legs, Wednesday – rest day, Thursday – Back ; Traps, Friday – Shoulders, Saturday – Arms, and Sunday – rest day. Upon completing the strenuous exercises they return home for their last meal of the day and go their separate ways until the next session. By this time the only thing left to do is get a good nights rest to let their muscles recover for the next day. I could not understand how they did this every day without giving in to failure. Mr. Bryant told me that there were three objectives to keep in mind when choosing to embark on a fitness journey, to decide, commit, and succeed. I asked what each of these meant individually; he leaned back in the chair and said â€Å"boy lemme tell ya, deciding to better yourself is the easiest part, you simply determine whether or not you are willing to go the distance. Anyone can say theyre going to get in shape right after they take a bite of a twinkie. † That is when I realized he was very passionate about physical fitness. Obviously, deciding to become fit was the easiest step, my next question was which one was the hardest. He told me commitment was the most important part of the challenge to become fit, he looked at me and firmly stated that we should never make a plan B because it only distracts from plan A. He told me if someone was to fully decide and commit to working out then the success would come on its own. After hearing him say that, I felt like it was possible for anyone to achieve what he has with the correct guidance. I asked him if he ever thought about personal training or motivational speaking. He nodded his head and laughed, until he saw that I was serious. Responding with, â€Å" not really, I mean I just planned on attending and hopefully winning competitions, I never thought I could be a help to others in achieving their own goals. † A. J. asked if I thought he would be a good inspiration to keep other people motivated and challenge themselves. I reassured him saying, â€Å"you have done this for so long now that it has become second nature to you, I am sure you would have no problem assisting people who need your help. † After the interview was over, I thanked him for giving me his time. he got up anxiously and simply walked back into the gym he has so long loved. I sat there in awe, at how a person can be so dedicated to improving his physique. Anthony Bryant went from watching infomercials of P90X to making the gym his second home. This is a man that has changed my view about what hard work actually means, and was only the beginning of my journey to understand the meaning of dedication and commitment.

Effect of Medicinal Plant Extracts on Alzheimers Disease

Effect of Medicinal Plant Extracts on Alzheimers Disease Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease which causes a lethal twist in the structural integrity, and a roadblock in the function of brain, this eventually channel the situation to degeneration and shrinkage of brain, and override the control of brain over other parts of the body, and comes to the final closing remark of the disease- death. Studies done on the topic have corroborated that the disease is not reversible, and the only patch of hope is slowing down its progress. But as the disease advances through mid stage and evolves into severe AD, the condition of patient becomes pathetic and care giving becomes more painful. Studies have reported that notable symptoms of AD are seen only after 60 years of age, even though the disease has started before that. Initial symptoms are loss of short term memory- being forgetful about the recent events, and gradually over a period of time patient seems more absent –minded about the environment, things which are chemically etched in the long term memory begins to be erased, and the final stage starts pushing the patient into severe AD which is tremendously pathetic. Studies have proved that loss of function of neurons is the cause of AD. A closer look into the aspect revealed a complex set of events that precede the neuronal degeneration- oxidative stress and imbalance in homeostasis, formation of roadblocks in communication, falling apart of integrity and death of neurons. This enabled to go beyond the findings of superficial studies done and hypothesis developed, and helped to delve much deeper into the inner workings and mechanism of the disease. Hypotheses developed to explain mechanism of AD are: amyloid cascade hypothesis, cholinergic hypothesis and tau hypothesis. Amyloid cascade hypothesis says, APP- Amyloid Precursor Protein, a transmembrane protein involved in main roles of growth, survival and repair of nerve cells- is snipped at wrong places by an enzyme called secretase, leading to the formation of amyloid ÃŽ ² peptides which accumulates to form plaques- amyloid plaques- and bind to synapses blocking the communication channel, event ually causes memory loss. According to cholinergic hypothesis, downward drift in the levels of acetylcholine in brain is the cause for Alzheimer’s disease. Loss of function of cholinergic neurons was found in Alzheimer’s disease patients. Shift in the level of acetylcholine happens due to the lack of two enzymes involved in synthesis and breaking down of acetylcholine. This will lead to loss of function of neurons; brain’s functionality falls apart, and eventually leads to symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease. Tau hypothesis approaches the problem in another perspective, tau protein- a protein associated with microtubules in nerve cells- gets hyperphosphorylated, this enables cross linking among tau protein units, and they back off from being attached to the microtubules. This causes loss of structural integrity of nerve cells, and they collapse and clump to form tangles- neurofibrillary tangles. Studies conducted focusing on the inner workings of these hypoth esis have found that oxidative stress is the reason that enhances plaque and tangle formation, repair mechanisms in cells are unable to solve the situation as the oligomer formation and cross linking are predominantly made by non peptide bonds. In another study, amyloid ÃŽ ² peptides have shown close relation with some causes of mad cow disease. Studies related to genetics of AD have found the link between APOE gene on chromosome 21 and the disease. APOE gene codes for apolipoprotein, and one among its functions is breaking down of APP. APOE has variants, APOEÃŽ µ4 is the one which codes for less active protein whose capacity to break down APP is sluggish. People with this variant gene are more tend to develop AD in later stages of life, and any abnormality related to chromosome 21 also results in AD over a period of time. To know more about the mechanism of disease and its attachment to oxidative stress, further studies have done from different angles, and all the studies have come to a common point, the findings from all the studies stitched together gave a complex and elaborate picture about the mechanism of the disease. Free radical damage leads to oxidation of products in cell. Oxidation leads to new end products of glycation, nitration, lipid peroxidation, and oxidation of nucleic acids. These new end products chemically modify other proteins and compartments inside the cell. Oxidized derivatives impede with the channel of trace elements, and imbalances their homeostasis, and enables proteins like tau to form non peptide cross linking. In response to changes cell up the levels of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)- an antioxidant enzyme to mitigate the bad effects from free radical damage- but rapid heaping up of neurotoxic substances goes beyond control leading to severe imbalances, blockage of communicati on channels, and eventually death of neuron. Since mitochondria is the main source of free radicals and oxidative precursors. Certain deletions in mtDNA resulted in change in normal levels and rates of metabolism and production of free radicals. Free radicals formed in mitochondria are short lived and they do not have the ability to cross membrane and reach cytoplasm to cause damage, this led studies in a new direction and found free radicals- OH from cytoplasm- can attack guanidine in RNAs in cytoplasm and this both can cross the membrane and reach into mitochondria, and cause imbalance and production of more stable H2O2 radicals which can come to cytoplasm and react with the channel of trace elements, and starts the primary events for the major causes for AD to come into being. AD starts at neocortex area of brain, and as the neurons die and rupture, the neurotoxic substances- plaques, free radicals, tangles, etc. pervade the nearby nerve cells, and the cycle goes on and graduall y covers the brain and makes it slip out of its normal being. Oxidative stress in brain leads to degeneration of neurons, which eventually leads to dementia, and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This oxidative stress in brain can be slowed down or reversed- to a small extent- using drugs to treat AD or using antioxidant capacity of some medicinal plants. In this study rats were arranged into seven groups, and different groups were treated with different plant extracts and rivastigmine. AD was induced using aluminum chloride- rats were given aluminum chloride for one month, and the dosage was 17mg/kg of body weight. One group was kept as control- healthy control and another group as AD-induced. Rivastigmine was given to group 3. Group 4 and 5 were treated with extracts of a medicinal plant- Salvia triloba; and group 6 and 7 were treated with extract made from Piper nigrum. The rats were given drug and extracts for three months. At the end of three months duration biochemical assays and histopathology was done to examine the changes happened to t he brains. The following things were checked for in serum: malondialdehyde, total antioxidant capacity and nitric oxide, and level of superoxide dismutase were checked in erythrocytes. Acetylcholine and acetylcholine esterase levels were checked in brain samples and another group of brain samples were given for histopathology. From the results, the rats which were treated with Piper nigrum extract and rivastigmine showed increase in brain Ach, and serum TAC and SOD; and a significant decrease in brain AchE, and serum MDA and NO. The rats which were treated with extract of Salvia triloba showed even better result in subduing the oxidative stress to a certain limit. Antioxidant capacity of plants was used to bring down the effects of oxidative stress in brain. Here, the effect of the extract made from Boswellia serrata is compared with rivastigmine on rats with AD- induced by oral administration of aluminum chloride. Ninety male rats were used in the study. They were made into nine groups. Group 1 was kept as healthy control, group 2 was given with aluminum chloride for four weeks, and group 3 was treated with rivastigmine, group 4 and 5 were treated with two different concentrations of plant extract made from Boswellia serrata. Groups 3 to 5 were treated with a combination of aluminum chloride and other things to check the ability of extract and drugs to protect the brain from the stress. Group 6 was given with water after inducing AD. Group 7 was given with rivastigmine, and group 8 and 9 were given with two different concentrations of plant extract- this was done for twelve weeks. Cognitive tests were done at the beginning of each new stage o f the study. At the end of the duration of the study, the brain samples were subjected to biochemical assays and histopathology. From the results, B.serrata has significant ability to reduce the oxidative stress in brain, and higher dose if the extract showed better effect- bringing down the severity of oxidative stress damage. Bacopa monnieri is another plant used to trim the effects of AD. This plant is used since ancient times for improving intelligence, and in this study its ability to protect against AD is checked. Alcoholic extracts of the plant was made for the study. AD was induced using ethylcholine aziridinium ion (AF64A)- administered intracerebroventricular way bilaterally. Plant extract was given to the rats two weeks before and one week after the administration of AF64A. rats were subjected to cognitive tests. Rats treated with the plant extract cleared the tests in less time. Histopathology results showed, low dose of the plant extract brought down the degree of damage in brain- reduction of neurons density. Low dose showed better result compared to the medium and high dose. The study has not revealed the mechanism of action of the plant extract, but it showed the scope for a further study on the same. Targeted drug delivery to brain in case of Alzheimer’s disease is more complex process due to many factors like blood brain barrier and actions of plasma proteins. But nanoparticles are used for targeted drug delivery, and this is again affected by physiochemical properties of Nanoparticles in different surfactants, stability of nanoparticles and organic coating or capping agent on nanoparticles. Blood brain barrier is a homeostatic defense mechanism used by brain to screen out pathogens and unwanted materials from entering brain. The barrier screens the solutes biochemically, physicochemically and structurally at the periphery. There are times when blood brain barrier breaks down due to certain infections or due to any physical reason, and this makes it skew from its usual nature- highly selectively permeable. Studies have been conducted to find how nanoparticles are treated at blood brain barrier. In a study, nanoparticles were made by warm microemulsion precursors, and the nanoparticles were radiolabelled by entrapment. Then an in situ study was conducted to check how nanoparticles cross the blood brain barrier. From the study it was concluded that endocytosis or transcytosis as possible mechanism for the transport across the barrier- more studies are yet to be conducted. Studies have shown that clioquinol- a quinoline derivative- can solubilize amyloid ÃŽ ² plaques in vitro and this could prevent accumulation of amyloid ÃŽ ² plaques in Alzheimer’s disease transgenic mice- an in vivo study. Clioquinol has shown its ability to dissolve plaques which are induced by Zn and Cu ions- NMR studies have shown that clioquinol can remove bound Cu ions from amyloid ÃŽ ² plaques. The study conducted has overlooked the toxicity part of clioquinol- though clioquinol has many side effects attached to it at high doses. It has shown in the later part of the study that clioquinol coupled with nanoparticles could easily cross the blood brain barrier- higher degre e of uptake by brain. So, clioquinol-nanoparticle delivery system is suggested to be considered as one among the models for treating Alzheimer’s disease by targeted drug delivery. Even though using nanoparticles are considered for drug delivery, there are studies showing the side effects, and doses. In a study- toxicity of silver nanoparticles- it was found that exposure to more than 125mg/kg of silver nanoparticles will lead to liver damage due to toxicity. In a study curcumin nanoparticle formulation was used to test its effect on Alzheimer’s disease in mice. Nanocurcumin was synthesized and orally given to the mice for twelve days. Memory tests were done before starting every new stage of the experiment. Results have shown that mice treated with nanocurcumin could clear the cognitive tests- significant improvements were observed.